太湖16000年来沉积环境的演变

通过对太湖钻孔岩芯岩性、结构、构造的剖析及粒度、磁化率的测试，发现冰后期东太湖形成于距今６５００年前。在距今６５００—５８００年，为一水深约２—３ｍ的、经常受到流水作用影响的浅水湖泊。距今约５８００—５７００年，东太湖曾一度干枯或接近于干枯。距今５７００年以来湖泊变浅，平均水深只有１ｍ左右。由于湖泊变浅，湖底经常遭受波浪的扰动，形成波状层理或透镜状层理。西太湖局部洼地集水成湖的时间比东太湖早，并且水深比东太湖大。在５０００ａＢ．Ｐ，东、西太湖并未连通。东、西太湖的连通及太湖统一水体的形成开始于４０００—３５００ａＢ．Ｐ．。东太湖的成湖及东、西太湖的连通，湖面的扩大与水深的变浅，与冰期后海面上升引起的河谷与洼地沉积充填、淤塞有关。

粉砂淤泥质海岸人造沙滩效果——以上海金山城市沙滩为例

上海市金山区位于杭州湾北岸,发育典型的粉砂淤泥质海岸,潮滩低平、颗粒极细,下陷0.1~0.2 m,且风暴潮期间海水泥沙含量极高,泥层易滑塌。2005年,在金山潮滩构筑3.3 km封闭式围堰围海成湖1.72 km^2,近岸抛沙15.6万m^3并设防泥网建成长度1.4 km的人造沙滩进行跳相养滩,后经多次补沙和围堰加固,将"黄水黑滩"变为"碧海金沙",成为金山城市沙滩。该人造沙滩是中国首个泥岸养滩成功案例,后有天津东疆浴场、潍坊央子人造沙滩、南通启东碧海银滩等10余个人造沙滩建成。金山城市沙滩封闭式围堰消浪护沙、稳定沙滩,结合"沉泥碧水"技术维持海水清洁且防止新滩泥化;固定式防泥网较为坚固,保证游人安全。其围海成湖、沉泥碧水、抛沙建滩及泥沙界网等工程技术为中国粉砂淤泥质海岸人造沙滩建设提供了实践经验。

南四湖形成演化与气候研究综述

南四湖对维护区域生态平衡和促进经济社会发展等具有战略意义。认识南四湖演变过程及其背景能够为进一步开展黄河下游地区环境变迁和人类活动的相互关系研究提供科学依据。在梳理前人研究资料基础上,总结了南四湖形成演化与气候变化研究进展,获得以下主要认识:(1)南四湖成湖于全新世末期,是区域构造沉降、黄河迁徙泛滥、大运河开发和人类活动等因素综合作用的结果;(2)南四湖对流域气候和水循环要素的调节作用显著,降水与蒸发作用、南水北调和经济社会活动需水量是影响南四湖水位、水域面积动态变化的重要因素。

城市生态景观湖泊—市民公园湖规划设计

市民公园湖为新开挖的人工湖泊,位于规划郑州市民公共文化服务区内,该区域是郑州市西部规划“常西湖新区”的起步区,其功能定位主要为:中原区域文化核心、市民公共服务中心、奥体健康休闲中心,是规划“常西湖新区”乃至郑州市城市整体布局的重中之重。项目区城市设计范围为西至须水河左岸,东至西三环东侧,北至陇海铁路,南至陇海西路南侧,城市设计总面积23.5km2。

Genetic Polymorphism in GDF8 Region of HU Sheep Based on Microsatellite DNA

[ Objective ] This study was to analyze the genetic polymorphism in GDF8 Region of HU sheep. [Method] Four microsatellite loci including BMS1591, TEXAN-2, FCB128 and BM81124 mapped on GDF8 region of chromosome No. 2 of sheep that may be correlated with growth performance were chosen to detect the molecular genetics foundation of growth performance of Hu sheep. [ Result] Four microsatellite loci detected were high in heterozygosity, more in effective alleles number and rich in polymorphic information, all the three indices passed through the high polymorphic level （PIC 〉0.5）. [ Conclusion ] The four microsatellite loci detected could be used to estimate the genetic polymorphism of growth performance of Hu sheep.

Residual Levels and New Inputs of Chlorinated POPs in Agricultural Soils from Taihu Lake Region

Selected persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its principal metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)e- thane (DDD), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers (α-,β-, γ-, and δ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), endo- sulfan, dieldrin, and endrin were quantified to determine current levels of organochlorine pesticides, to assess the eco- toxicological potential, and to distin…

Biogeochemical conversion of sulfur species in saline lakes of Steppe Altai

The aim of the present research is to identify the main mechanisms of sulfur behavior in saline lakes in the course of time and followed transformations in their chemical composition. The influence of water on chemical composition of biochemical processes involved in decomposition of organic matter was determined by the study of behavior of reduced forms of sulfur in lakes. The determination of reduced forms of sulfur was carried out by successive transfer of each form of sulfur to hydrogen sulfide followed by photometric measurements. The other chemical components were determined by standard methods(atomic absorption, potentiometric method, titration method and others). The salt lakes of the Altai steppe were studied in summer season 2013–2015. Analysis of the chemical composition of the saline lakes of Altai Krai has shown that carbonate-, hydrocarbonate-and chloride ions dominate among anions; sodium is main cation; sulfates are found in subordinate amounts. Reduced forms of sulfur occur everywhere: hydrogen and hydrosulfide sulfur S^(2-) prevail in the bottom sediments; its derivative—elemental S^0—prevails in the lakes water. The second important species in water of soda lakes is hydrosulfide sulfur S^(2-), and in chloride lakes is thiosulfate sulfur S_2O_2^(3ˉ). The lag in the accumulation of sulfates in soda lakes in comparison to chloride lakes can be explained by their bacterial reduction, followed by the formation and deposition of iron sulfides in sediments. In chloride lakes gypsum is a predominantly barrier for sulfates.

A Method for Retrieving Water-leaving Radiance from Landsat TM Image in Taihu Lake, East China

The visible and infrared bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） can be used for inland water studies. A method of retrieving water-leaving radiance from TM image over Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province of China was investigated in this article. To estimate water-leaving radiance, atmospheric correction was performed in three visible bands of 485nm, 560nm and 660rim. Rayleigh scattering was computed precisely, and the aerosol contribution was estimated by adopting the clear-water-pixels approach. The clear waters were identified by using the Landsat TM middle-infrared band （2.1 μm）, and the water-leaving radiance of clear water pixels in the green band was estimated by using field data. Aerosol scattering at green band was derived for six points, and interpolated to match the TM image. Assuming the atmospheric correction coefficient was 1.0, the aerosol scattering image at blue and red bands were derived. Based on a simplified atmospheric radiation transfer model, the water-leaving radiance for three visible bands was retrieved. The water-leaving radiance was normalized to make it comparable with that estimated from other remotely sensed data acquired at different times, and under different atmospheric conditions. Additionally, remotely sensed reflectance of water was computed. To evaluate the atmospheric correction method presented in this article, the correlation was analyzed between the corrected remotely sensed data and the measured water parameters based on the retrieval model. The results show that the atmospheric correction method based on the image itself is more effective for the retrieval of water parameters from Landsat TM data than 6S （Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum） code based on standard atmospheric and aerosol models.

Comparison between BCR sequential extraction and geo-accumulation method to evaluate metal mobility in sediments of Dongting Lake, Central China

The form in which a metal exists strongly influences its mobility and thus, the effects on the environment. Operational methods of speciation analysis, such as the use of sequential extraction procedures, are commonly applied. The Dongting Lake, the second largest fresh-water lake in China, contains three China wetlands of international importance, the East Dongting Lake, South Dongting Lake, and West Dongting Lake. In this work, an optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure was used to assess the environmental risk of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in contaminated sediment of the Dongting Lake. The procedure was evaluated by using a certified reference material, BCR701. The results of the partitioning study indicated that in the lake sediments, more easily mobilized forms (acid exchangeable) were predominant for Cd, particularly in the samples from the East Dongting Lake. In contrast, the largest amount of Pb was associated with the iron and manganese oxide fractions and Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni analyzed were mainly distributed in residual phase at an average percentage greater than 60% of the total metals. The potential risk to the lake's water contamination was highest in the East Dongting Lake based on the calculated contamination factors. On the other hand, the total metal content was determined as well by inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and assessed by using geo-accumulation index. The assessment results using geo-accumulation index were compared with the information on metal speciation. Both were correspondent with each other.

Seasonal variation and principle of cyanobacterial biomass and forms in the water source area of Chaohu City, China

We investigated seasonal variations in cyanobacterial biomass and the forms of its dominant population （M. aeruginosa） and their correlation with environmental factors in the water source area of Chaohu City, China from December 2011 to October 2012. The results show that species belonging to the phylum Cyanophyta occupied the maximum proportion of phytoplankton biomass, and that the dominant population in the water source area of Chaohu City was M. aeruginosa. The variation in cyanobacterial biomass from March to August 2012 was well fitted to the logistic growth model. The growth rate of cyanobacteria was the highest in June, and the biomass of cyanobacteria reached a maximum in August. From February to March 2012, the main form of M. aeruginosa was the single-cell form; M. aeruginosa colonies began to appear from April, and blooms appeared on the water surface in May. The maximum diameter of the colonies was recorded in July, and then gradually decreased from August. The diameter range ofM. aeruginosa colonies was 18.37-237.77μm, and most of the colonies were distributed in the range 20-200μm, comprising 95.5% of the total number of samples. Temperature and photosynthetically active radiation may be the most important factors that influenced the annual variation in M. aeruginosa biomass and forms. The suitable temperature for cyanobaeterial growth was in the range of 15-30℃. In natural water bodies, photosynthetically active radiation had a significant positive influence on the colonial diameter of M. aeruginosa （P〈0.01）.

Water quality assessment of benthic diatom communities for water quality in the subalpine karstic lakes of Jiuzhaigou,a world heritage site in China

Jiuzhaigou, characterized by its magnificent waterscapes and subalpine karstic features, is both a World Heritage Site and a World Biosphere Reserve in southwestern China. In recent years, this unique ecosystem has shown signs of stress due to increasing tourism activities within the reserve. The various routine methods, which monitor physical and chemical properties, do not fully reflect water quality in the subalpine and alpine lakes, while the indicators using aquatic organisms to evaluate the water quality or status of the subalpine lakes are poorly reported. Thus, in this study, benthic diatoms from multiple habitats in Jiuzhaigou were sampled and assessed for water quality monitoring. Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA） showed that the canonical coefficients for elevation, water temperature and total nitrogen on the first Canonical Corresnondence Analysis axis were -0.84. 0.78 and -0.53, respectively, environmental variables associated with the distribution patterns of benthic diatoms. The dominance of diatom taxa indicative of nutrient enrichment indicates a clear trend toward eutrophication in the Pearl Shoal and Colorful Lake, two of the sites mostly visited by tourists. It was observed that the effect of the type of substratum on diatom community composition is not significant in subalpine lakes. The most dominant species in Jiuzhaigou lakes are the genera Achnanthes, Fragilaria, CymbeUa, Cocconeis, Diatoma and Denticula. In combination with dominant and sensitive species in the benthic diatom communities, CCA and CA methods can be used to evaluate the impact of human activities on subalpine karstic lakes. The dominance of diatom taxa is indicative of nutrient enrichment and the results of CCA and CA indicate a clear trend toward eutrophication in the Pearl Shoal and Colorful Lake, two of the sites mostly visited by tourists.

The aesthetic arts and heritage conservation study of Hunan Tujia Waving Dance

Tujia Waving Dance, as an important part of culture, has drawn the attention of many scholars in sociology and ethnology and researched by them in recent years, with the results one after another. But from the perspective of sports and culture to observe and understand the Waving Dance, there are still not many learners and their analysis is limited to the discussions of the value of fitness and the recreational sports, but being ambiguous on the classification of the Waving Dance and its genes discussions, with some problems having big controversy. We can start from the basic shape of the Waving Dance to identify its dance category, to determine its basic factor, and to analyze the diversity value of the Waving Dance.

Characterizing Constituents of Sediment Phosphorus Fractionation in a Freshwater Shallow Lake System

This study aimed to characterize constituents of phosphorus （P） fractionation as wel as reciprocities among factors in sediments of a freshwater shal ow lake. [Method] Surface sediment was discretely sampled at 24 sites through Van Veen grabs. Based on a modified sequential extraction scheme, P fractionation was determined as Fe/Al bound P （Fe/Al-P）, Ca bound P （Ca-P）, solute and re-ductive P （S/R-P） and organic P （OP）. Curve estimation and Pearson product-mo-ment correlation were employed for statistical analysis. [Result] Total P （TP） content ranged from 443 to 774 mg/kg. Inorganic P （IP） was the major component of TP, of which Ca-P was dominated with an average of 51%±9.7%. Average contents of P fractionation were in the fol owing order： Ca-P（51%） 〉 OP（29%） 〉 S/R-P（8%） 〉Fe/Al-P（7%）. The molar ratio of Fe to P was 11 - 20, close to the threshold value of P leaching. [Conclusion] In freshwater shal ow lakes, IP and Ca-P were prone to be relatively high, whereas Fe/Al-P was low compared with deep lakes. Occurrence of spatial y monotonic gradient indicated the primary causation of anthropogenic sources. Imminent sediment P liberation was also expected. Close associations a-mong TP, Fe/Al-P and Ca-P, implying that anthropogenic P was mainly bound to metals in particulates. Significant correlations of TOC and P fractionation highlighted endogenous mechanism and authigenic origin in sediments.

Assessment of total suspended sediment concentrations in Poyang Lake using HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery

We explored the potential of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellations (HJ-1A/1B satellites) charge-coupled device (CCD) imagery (spatial resolution of 30 m, revisit time of 2 days) in the monitoring of total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations in dynamic water bodies using Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, as an example. Field surveys conducted during October 17-26, 2009 showed a wide range of TSS concentration (3-524 mg/L). Atmospheric correction was implemented using the Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) module in ENVI with the aid of aerosol information retrieved from concurrent Terra/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surveys, which worked well at the CCD bands with relatively high reflectance. A practical exponential retrieval algorithm was created between satellite remote sensing reflectance and in-situ measured TSS concentration. The retrieved results for the whole water area matched the in-situ data well at most stations. The retrieval errors may be related to the problem of scale matching and mixed pixel. In three selected subregions of Poyang Lake, the distribution trend of retrieved TSS was consistent with that of the field investigation. It was shown that HJ-1A/1B CCD imagery can be used to estimate TSS concentrations in Poyang Lake over synoptic scales after applying an appropriate atmospheric correction method and retrieval algorithm.

Composition variations of the Sinian-Cambrian sedimentary rocks in Hunan and Guangxi and their tectonic significance

This paper reports the geochemical and zircon U-Pb dating data of the Sinian to Cambrian low-grade metamorphic rocks in the Miaoer Mountain area,Guangxi and the Jinjiling area,Hunan Province.Petrographic and geochemical features indicate that protoliths of these metamorphic rocks are clastic sedimentary rocks with medium weathering,which were formed in the passive continental margin.Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb ages indicate that the Sinian and Cambrian sedimentary rocks in the Jinjiling area have similar detritus components,which are characterized by abundant Grenvillian detrital zircons,suggesting a close affinity with the Cathaysia Block.The Cambrian sedimentary rocks in the Miaoer Mountain area have similar geochemistry and zircon geochronology to those in the Jinjiling area,showing an affinity with the Cathaysia Block.However,the Sinian sedimentary rocks in the Miaoer Mountain area show different geochemical features from the Cambrian sedimentary rocks and those in the Jinjiling area,and are characterized by abundant 840–700 Ma detrital zircons and less^2.0 Ga ones,showing a close affinity with the Yangtze Block.These variations suggest that the Jinjiling area continuously accepted the fragments from the Cathaysia from the Sinian to the Cambrian,whereas the provenance of the Miaoer Mountain sedimentary basin changed from the Yangtze Block to the Cathaysia Block during this interval.This change implies a tectonic movement,which caused the further sinking of the basin in the Miaoer Mountain area and northwestward transferring of the basin center before the Middle Cambrian,so that the Miaoer Mountain basin received the detritus from the Cathaysia Block in the Middle Cambrian.This fact also proves that the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks have converged at least in Middle Cambrian,and the southwestern boundary between them is located between the Miaoer Mountain and Jinjiling areas.

Cosmogenic nuclide burial age of the Sanying Formation and its implications

The Pliocene fluvial/lacustrine sediments of the Sanying Formation lie along the Red River fault and its northwest extension;their majority outcrops appear around Eryuan.The Sanying Formation is characterized by multiple intercalated coal layers and its unconformities contact with the underlying Triassic limestone and the overlying Quaternary coarse sediments.Cosmogenic nuclide burial dating confirms the Pliocene age of the Sanying Formation.The burial ages of the overlying Quaternary sediments provide the lower age limit of the Sanying Formation:2 Ma.Detrital zircon U-Pb age distribution suggests provenance of the Sanying Formation traced to the Songpan-Ganzi flysch belt.From the spatial distribution as well as sedimentary and fault ages,we found a strong connection of the Sanying Formation with the Red River and the Jianchuan faults.We therefore propose that activation of the Red River and the Jianchuan faults during the Late Miocene resulted in subsidence of basins in the extensional areas around Eryuan and in the middle to south segments of the Red River fault.The basins were filled with water carried by the Jinsha River and overflow-lakes formed within the basins where the Sanying Formation was deposited.Most of the lakes were dried and sedimentation of the Sanying Formation ceased due to the uplift of the Yunling Mountains,which forced rerouting of the Jinsha River at the beginning of Quaternary.