刑事诉讼行为的三重评价:成立性、合法性和有效性

刑事诉讼行为的概念并没有成为刑事诉讼法的中心点,它是该领域研究的最小分析单位。本文不纠缠于学术谱系的考古,而从功能性原理出发,逐一讨论三个评价系统(成立性、合法性和有效性)。诉讼行为如果不成立,则不产生合法与否、有效与否的问题。三重行为象限图明晰了两组划分("合法/不合法"和"有效/无效")存在着交叉关系。刑事诉讼行为的程序性后果包括四种可能性:"合法无效"、"合法有效"、"不合法无效"和"不合法有效"。

让核心素养在课堂教学中落地生根——评管恩臣老师高三微专题“恒成立与存在性问题”的教学

上海市七宝中学管恩臣老师的高三二轮微专题复习课“恒成立与存在性问题”是一节优质、高效的复习课.管老师基于数学核心素养设计微专题内容,合理组织课堂教学活动,使核心素养在课堂教学中落地生根.

高三微专题“恒成立与存在性问题”的教学设计与实施

如何上好高三二轮复习课,提高复习课的效率,笔者在微专题复习课“恒成立与存在性问题”上进行了尝试.通过创设情境.问题引动.学生自主探究,提出问题并解决问题,归纳总结数学思想方法,提升学生数学核心素养.

高中起始阶段的恒成立与存在性问题的讲题策略

恒成立与存在性问题是高中数学一类普遍而又较难的问题,也是历年高考的热点,特别是以导数为背景的恒成立与存在性问题更是频频出现。由于这类问题涉及的知识面广、综合性强、能力要求高,即使是高三学生对这类问题也是经常无从下手,对于高中起始阶段高一的学生更是一头雾水。在高一数学学习过程中,学生经常无法找到精准的解题方法,在实际问题解决过程中,学生分析不出最佳解题方法,还往往陷入复杂的解题方法而不可自拔。出现这种现象,一方面是由于学生自身的能力不足;另一方面与教师的讲题策略有很大关系。以例题的形式来总结归纳高中起始阶段讲解恒成立与存在性问题的对应策略,让学生在面对这类问题时能够不慌不乱,冷静分析解题的策略,进而在高中起始阶段能够让学生有充足的信心学习数学,也为高二、高三的恒成立与存在性综合问题的学习打下坚实的基础。

从数学角度研究和完善综合会计等式

本文首先总结了综合会计等式,指出存在的问题,进而从数学角度推导综合会计等式。在此基础上,深入分析综合会计等式的成立性,以及应用问题,最后,推导出科学的综合会计等式,这对于完善会计等式理论具有重要意义。

教育学研究对象须不断逼近教育被研究对象——本征教育学理论简介六

教育与教育学不同。前者是上位概念,含后者中的客观部分;后者是下位概念,其客观部分是前者的一部分。作为哲学范畴的教育是不为人意所能否定的科学,它包含了教育的所有矛盾:现象、性质、原理和规律而无一遗漏,它的被研究对象为自然法则所界定的教育范畴涉及的所有内容;教育学研究对象为其建立者所描述,其表述必受不同建立者认识教育角度与程度等因素的影响,尤其是教育学主流理论体系是否科学将影响教育学是否科学,故必受以教育客观真实为认定标样的检验。描述之言与教育客观真实一致的理论体系就是科学的,否则是非科学;部分一致的,部分是科学的。教育学研究对象不断逼近教育被研究对象就是教育学科学化的必经过程之一。欲逼近教育被研究对象,则在教育学研究对象中,首先必须去掉人意成分;其次必须同时体现自然法则所赋予的客观性、同一性、普遍成立性、普遍存在性、固有性和唯一性等属性。

Summarization and Analysis on the Synthesis Schemes of Glufosinate-Ammonium

Glufosinate-ammonium is a highly efficient, non-selective herbicide. The former synthesis schemes of glufosinate-ammonium were introduced and analyzed, the main of which are Arbuzov synthesis method, method under catalyzer and high pressure, targeted method under low temperature, Gabriel synthesis method, Zelinsky-Strecher synthetic method, synthetic method with chiral-synthon, and several special methods such as with enzyme or stereochemistry. Based on the structure and synthesis characteristic of glufosinate-ammonium as well as Arbuzov reaction and Michael reaction, a novel and reasonable scheme, which was named Arbuzov-Michael method, was put forward as the more economical one with simpler raw reagents and less waste.

Strategy for Synthesis of Flexible Heat Exchanger Networks Embedded with System Reliability Analysis

System reliability can produce a strong influence on the performance of the heat exchanger network(HEN).In this paper,an optimization method with system reliability analysis for flexible HEN by genetic/simulated annealing algorithms(GA/SA) is presented.Initial flexible arrangements of HEN is received by pseudo-temperature enthalpy diagram.For determining system reliability of HEN,the connections of heat exchangers(HEXs) and independent subsystems in the HEN are analyzed by the connection sequence matrix(CSM),and the system reliability is measured by the independent subsystem including maximum number of HEXs in the HEN.As for the HEN that did not meet system reliability,HEN decoupling is applied and the independent subsystems in the HEN are changed by removing decoupling HEX,and thus the system reliability is elevated.After that,heat duty redistribution based on the relevant elements of the heat load loops and HEX areas are optimized in GA/SA.Then,the favorable network configuration,which matches both the most economical cost and system reliability criterion,is located.Moreover,particular features belonging to suitable decoupling HEX are extracted from calculations.Corresponding numerical example is presented to verify that the proposed strategy is effective to formulate optimal flexible HEN with system reliability measurement.

MR Imaging Features of Solitary Plasmacytoma of the Spine

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the MR imaging features of solitary plasmacytomas of the spine. METHODS The MR images of 7 patients with histologically proven solitary plasmacytomas of the spine were reviewed. RESULTS All tumors showed predominantly isoto hypointensity relative to muscle on Tl-weighted MR images and intermediate signal intensity between muscle and fat on T2- weighted images. Curvilinear low signal intensity structures were seen within the lesions on T1 and T2-weighted images in five tumors. Moderate to strong enhancement was seen in all 6 tumors that underwent contrast enhanced MR examination. All tumors showed areas of high signal intensity on T2-weighted images and heterogeneous enhancement, except the 2 largest tumors without pathologic fracture in the sacrum. Intervertebral discs were preserved in all tumors. CONCLUSION The MR imaging features that suggest plasmacytorna of the spine include predominant intermediate signal intensity on T2-weighted images, curvilinear low signal intensity structures, moderate to strong enhancement, relatively homogeneous appearance if there are no pathologic fracture and preservation of the intervertebral discs.

Electrochemical synthesis, characterization and thermal properties of niobium ethoxide

Niobium(V) ethoxide(Nb(OEt)5) was synthesized by electrochemical reaction of ethanol with niobium plate as the sacrificial anode,stainless steel as the cathode and tetraethylammonium chloride(TEAC) as the conductive additive.The condensates were isolated by vacuum distillation under 5 kPa.The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) spectra,Raman spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectra.The results indicate that the product is niobium ethoxide.Thermal properties of niobium ethoxide were analysed by TG/DTG.Vapour pressure was calculated from the Langmuir equation and the enthalpy of vaporization was calculated from the vapour pressure-temperature data using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.The concentrations of impurity metallic elements in the sample were detected by ICP-MS.It is shown that the purity can reach 99.997%.The volatility and purity of the niobium ethoxide ensure that it could be a good precursor for chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition of niobium oxide layers.

Synthesis and biochemical properties of fluorescent/magnetic bifunctional starch particles

Magnetic starch particles （MSPs） were synthesized in water-in-oil mieroemulsion at room temperature. MSPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry （FTIR）, zeta potential system, thermogravimetric analysis （TGA） and vibrating sample magnetometry （VSM）. The average diameter of the MSPs was 220 nm, dispersed with well-proportioned size and magnetic resonance, the saturation magnetization was 3.64 A.mR/kg. MSP was coated with poly-L-lysine （PLL）, and then the surface of PLL-MSP was combined with fluorescein isothiocynate （FITC）. Results show that fluorescent/magnetic starch particles （FMSPs） are of stable photo-bleaching capability compared with free FITC, with low bio-toxicity and certain function of magnetic separation. It is expected that FMSPs are bifimctional nano-materials including fluorescence labelling and magnetic separation.

Nonlinear Statistical Process Monitoring Based on Control Charts with Memory Effect and Kernel Independent Component Analysis

A novel nonlinear combination process monitoring method was proposed based on techniques with memo- ry effect （multivariate exponentially weighted moving average （MEWMA）） and kernel independent component analysis （KICA）. The method was developed for dealing with nonlinear issues and detecting small or moderate drifts in one or more process variables with autocorrelation. MEWMA charts use additional information from the past history of the process for keeping the memory effect of the process behavior trend. KICA is a recently devel- oped statistical technique for revealing hidden, nonlinear statistically independent factors that underlie sets of mea- surements and it is a two-phase algorithm., whitened kernel principal component analysis （KPCA） plus indepen- dent component analysis （ICA）. The application to the fluid catalytic cracking unit （FCCU） simulated process in- dicates that the proposed combined method based on MEWMA and KICA can effectively capture the nonlinear rela- tionship and detect small drifts in process variables. Its performance significantly outperforms monitoring method based on ICA, MEWMA-ICA and KICA, especially for lonu-term performance deterioration.

Preparation,Characterization of Dawson-type Heteropoly Acid Cerium（Ⅲ） Salt and Its Catalytic Performance on the Synthesis of n-Butyl Acetate

A novel cerium(Ⅲ) salt of Dawson type tungstophosphoric acid(Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O) was prepared by doping cerous nitrate in H6P2W18O62·13H2O powder and characterized by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses(TG/DTA),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),pyridine infrared spectroscopy(Py-IR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Its catalytic activity was evaluated by the probe reaction of synthesis of n-butyl acetate with acetic acid and n-butanol.The effects of various parameters such as molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid,reaction temperature,reaction time,and catalyst amount have been studied by single factor experiment.The results show that Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O behaved as an excellent heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of n-butyl acetate.The optimum synthetic conditions were determined as follows︰molar ratio of n-butanol to acetic acid at 2.0︰1.0,mass of the catalyst being 1.44% of the total reaction mixture,reaction temperature of 120 ℃ and reaction time of 150 min.Under above conditions,the conversion of acetic acid was above 97.8%.The selectivity of n-butyl acetate based on acetic acid was,in all cases,nearly 100%.The catalysts could be recycled and still exhibited high catalytic activity with 90.4% conversion after five cycles of reaction.It was found by means of TG-DTA and Py-IR that the catalyst deactivation was due to the adsorption of a complex of by-product on the active sites on catalysts surface or the catalyst loss in its separation from the products.Compared with using sulfuric acid as catalyst,the present procedure with Ce2P2W18O62·16H2O is a green productive technology due to simple process,higher yield,catalyst recycling and no corrosion for the production facilities.

Composition change and capacitance properties of ruthenium oxide thin film

Ru O2·n H2O film was deposited on tantalum foils by electrodeposition and heat treatment using Ru Cl3·3H2O as precursor.Surface morphology, composition change and cyclic voltammetry from precursor to amorphous and crystalline RuO2·n H2O films were studied by X-ray diffractometer, Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer, differential thermal analyzer, scanning electron microscope and electrochemical analyzer, respectively. The results show that the precursor was transformed gradually from amorphous to crystalline phase with temperature. When heat treated at 300 °C for 2h, RuO2·n H2O electrode surface gains mass of2.5 mg/cm2 with specific capacitance of 782 F/g. Besides, it is found that the specific capacitance of the film decreased by roughly20% with voltage scan rate increasing from 5 to 250 m V/s.

Non-unitary Scattering Theory against Generalized Unitary Scattering Theory

Comparison of non-unitary and generalized unitary scattering theories is done by means of nuclear monodromy （equivalence of Schrodinger and Maxwell time-independent equations）, tunneling and radioactivity. Radioactivity is important part of physics and our life. Its importance stretches from medicine as far as to war strategies. We present theoretical approach to achieve better understanding of the radioactive decay when modified quantum theory is applied. It can be done by updating existing codes to understand better construction of the world and terms and conditions of our existence. The theory modifications are strictly connected with the unimodular M matrix and Wronskian matrices （i.e. their determinants named Wronskians） which create underpinning of so called monodromy being two track wave-function evolution.

An Improved Fixed-point Algorithm for Independent Component Analysis of Functional MRI Data

The fixed-point algorithm and infomax algorithm are two of the most popular algorithms in independent component analysis(ICA).However,it is hard to take both stability and speed into consideration in processing functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)data.In this paper,an optimization model for ICA is presented and an improved fixed-point algorithm based on the model is proposed.In the new algorithms a small step size is added to increase the stability.In order to accelerate the convergence,an improvement on Newton method is made,which makes cubic convergence for the new algorithm.Applying the algorithm and two other algorithms to invivo fMRI data,the results show that the new algorithm separates independent components stably,which has faster convergence speed and less computation than the other two algorithms.The algorithm has obvious advantage in processing fMRI signal with huge data.

Total synthesis of (-)-isoaltholactone

A short and efficient stereoselective synthesis of a styryllactone (-)-isoaltholactone has been achieved in seven steps and 33% overall yield, starting from the readily available carbohydrate D-mannose. The key steps of our synthesis involve intramolecular tetrahydrofuran cyclization and one-pot acetonide deprotection-lactonization.

SmI_2-promoted imino-Reformatsky reaction for facile synthesis of enantioenriched β-amino acid esters

A facile and efficient method for the stereoselective synthesis of β-amino acid esters via SmI2-promoted imino-Reformatsky reaction is described.Asymmetric addition of tert-butyl bromoacetate to N-tert-butanesulfinyl aldimines afforded β-amino acid esters in moderate to high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities.The synthetic utilities of the tert-butyl β-amino acid esters were expanded by the preparation of β-lactams and 3-aminoindan-1-ones derivatives.

Stereoselective construction of skipped polyol enabled by oxonia-Cope rearrangement and iodolactonization： enantioselective synthesis of (＋)-yashabushitriol

Skipped polyol is a common motif in numerous biologically significant polyketides and has been the focus of the development of novel synthetic methods and strategies. In this work, we devised a highly diastereoselective approach to access skipped triol(anti,syn-isomer) from a chiral α-allenic alcohol which was derived from kinetic resolution in our previous studies. An iodolactonization and subsequent radical deiodonation efficiently introduced the hydroxyl group at C3 in a highly diastereoselective manner and exemplified in enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-yashabushitriol.