This paper estimates and decomposes the output-oriented three-stage cost Malmquist productivity index of the Taiwan Residents biotech and biopharmaceutical （B＆BP） industry in 2004-2007 periods. The empirical estima...This paper estimates and decomposes the output-oriented three-stage cost Malmquist productivity index of the Taiwan Residents biotech and biopharmaceutical （B＆BP） industry in 2004-2007 periods. The empirical estimations proceed in three stages. Following the methodology of Yang and Huang （2009） with the assumption of variable return to scale （VRS） in the first stage, the original cost Malmquist productivity index （CM） is decomposed into five sources of productivity change： pure technical efficiency change, technical change, allocative efficiency change （AEC）, input-price effect, and cost scale efficiency change. The method of Yang and Huang （2009） is an excellent contribution, but it did not deal with the exogenous environmental variables and noises. In the second stage, the original input variables are adjusted by the exogenous environmental variables. Finally, adjusted input variables produced by the second stage are reused for obtaining the reality of CM in the third stage.展开更多
This paper is a result of a review through 25 papers on the synthesis of three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-membered rings on solid support. Solid-phase organic synthesis methods that enable the rapid production of...This paper is a result of a review through 25 papers on the synthesis of three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-membered rings on solid support. Solid-phase organic synthesis methods that enable the rapid production of arrays of heterocycles are of critical importance to the pharmaceutical industry. The generation of heterocyclic chemistry by solid-phase synthesis will definitely accelerate the development of pharmaceutical research.展开更多
The 3,4,5 trimethoxytoluene(TMT) was systhesized using p cresol by three steps including bromination, methoxylation, and methylation with an overall yield of 84%. The structure of TMT was identified by NMR, GC/MS and ...The 3,4,5 trimethoxytoluene(TMT) was systhesized using p cresol by three steps including bromination, methoxylation, and methylation with an overall yield of 84%. The structure of TMT was identified by NMR, GC/MS and IR.“One pot”method was used in methoxylation and methylation for economical and convenient consideration. The mechanism for the methoxylation of 2,6 dibromo 4 methylphenol was discussed.展开更多
文摘This paper estimates and decomposes the output-oriented three-stage cost Malmquist productivity index of the Taiwan Residents biotech and biopharmaceutical （B＆BP） industry in 2004-2007 periods. The empirical estimations proceed in three stages. Following the methodology of Yang and Huang （2009） with the assumption of variable return to scale （VRS） in the first stage, the original cost Malmquist productivity index （CM） is decomposed into five sources of productivity change： pure technical efficiency change, technical change, allocative efficiency change （AEC）, input-price effect, and cost scale efficiency change. The method of Yang and Huang （2009） is an excellent contribution, but it did not deal with the exogenous environmental variables and noises. In the second stage, the original input variables are adjusted by the exogenous environmental variables. Finally, adjusted input variables produced by the second stage are reused for obtaining the reality of CM in the third stage.
文摘This paper is a result of a review through 25 papers on the synthesis of three-, four-, five-, six-, and seven-membered rings on solid support. Solid-phase organic synthesis methods that enable the rapid production of arrays of heterocycles are of critical importance to the pharmaceutical industry. The generation of heterocyclic chemistry by solid-phase synthesis will definitely accelerate the development of pharmaceutical research.
文摘The 3,4,5 trimethoxytoluene(TMT) was systhesized using p cresol by three steps including bromination, methoxylation, and methylation with an overall yield of 84%. The structure of TMT was identified by NMR, GC/MS and IR.“One pot”method was used in methoxylation and methylation for economical and convenient consideration. The mechanism for the methoxylation of 2,6 dibromo 4 methylphenol was discussed.
