陈那因明给出了一套可靠的“成量”标准

古印度宗教宗派林立,彼此之间的各种学说和思想长期处于并行传播、相互竞争、相互影响的状态。各宗派皆标榜自己掌握了真理,但如何证明,真理标准为何一直困扰着因明师们。在陈那之前的几百年里,古因明学家们给出了一个衡量标准,但并不可靠。直到陈那,这个问题才真正得到解决,这也奠定了陈那在因明史上的地位与贡献。

Efficient electrocatalytic urea synthesis from CO_(2)and nitrate over the scale-up produced FeNi alloy-decorated nanoporous carbon

Electrocatalytic urea synthesis provides a favorable strategy for conventional energy-consuming urea synthesis,but achieving large-scale catalyst synthesis with high catalytic efficiency remains challenging.Herein,we developed a simple method for the preparation of a series of FeNi-alloy-based catalysts,named FeNi@nC-T(n represents the content of nanoporous carbon as 1,3,5,7 or 9 g and T=900,950,1000 or 1100°C),for highly performed urea synthesis via NO_(3)−and CO_(2)co-reduction.The FeNi@7C-1000 achieved a high urea yield of 1041.33 mmol h^(−1)gFeNi^(−1)with a Faradaic efficiency of 15.56%at–1.2 V vs.RHE.Moreover,the scale-up synthesized FeNi@7C-950-S(over 140 g per batch)was achieved with its high catalytic performance and high stability maintained.Mechanism investigation illuminated that the Ni and Fe sites catalyze and stabilize the key*CO and*N intermediates and minimize the C–N coupling reaction barriers for highly efficient urea synthesis.

量论因明学的理性精神与批判精神

量论因明学作为印度大乘佛教理论发展的第三个高峰,标志着大乘佛教在理论上的终结,其内在价值至今尚未被学界所完全领悟,而这一价值本身的深远意义当然也就尚未被世人所普遍认知。作为一个完整全新的理论类型,量论因明学本身内在地具有彻底的理性精神与批判的超越精神。这种理性精神与批判精神可以从陈那"不顾论宗"、法称"成量"论证以及二位圣者对圣教量之批判中得到说明。

Biomimetic asymmetric Michael addition reactions in water catalyzed by amino-containing β-cyclodextrin derivatives

Nineβ‐cyclodextrin derivatives containing an amino group were synthesized via nucleophilic sub‐stitution from mono（6‐O‐p‐tolylsulfonyl）‐β‐cyclodextrin and used in asymmetric biomimetic Mi‐chael addition reactions in water at room temperature. The mechanism responsible for the moder‐ate activity and enantioselectivity of the β‐cyclodextrin derivatives was explored using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, namely 2D 1H rotating‐frame overhauser effect spectroscopy （ROESY）, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations, which provide a useful technique for investigating the formation of inclusion complexes. The effects of the pH of the reaction medium, theβ‐cyclodextrin derivative dosage, the structure of the modifying amino group, and various substrates on the yield and enantioselectivity were investigated. The results indicated that these factors had an important effect on the enantiomeric excess （ee） in the reaction system. Experiments using a competitor for inclusion complex formation showed that a hydrophobic cavity is necessary for enantioselective Michael addition. A comparison of the reactions using 4‐nitro‐β‐nitrostyrene and 2‐nitro‐β‐nitrostyrene showed that steric hindrance improved the enan‐tioselectivity. This was verified by the optimized geometries obtained from quantum chemical cal‐culations. An ee of 71%was obtained in the asymmetric Michael addition of cyclohexanone and 2‐nitro‐β‐nitrostyrene, using （S）‐2‐aminomethylpyrrolidine‐modified β‐CD as the catalyst, in an aqueous buffer solution, i.e., CH3COONa‐HCl （pH 7.5）.

Relationship between Grain Yield and Yield Components of Various Rice Cultivars

[Objective] The relationship between grain yield and yield components was investigated in .different rice cultivars at the target yield of 10.5-11.25 t/hm2, to provide theoretical basis for cultivation of high-yield rice. [Method] The yield performance of various super rice and non-super rice cultivars that were cultivated in large area in Sichuan Chengdu was studied under high-yielding cultivation conditions from 2006 to 2008. [Result] The rice yield was closely correlated with the productive panicle number, grain number per panicle, seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight. The four yield components showed different influences on the yield of different rice culti- vars. By adopting the high yielding cultivation technology （that the seedlings were planted in a triangle shape） at the target yield of 10.5-11.25 t/hm~, we found that the rice yield of super rice cultivars was closely correlated with productive panicle number and 1 000-grain weight, negatively correlated with grain number per panicle, and significantly negatively correlated with seed setting rate; the grain yield of non- super rice cultivars was negatively correlated with grain number per panicle and seed setting rate, and significantly negatively correlated with the productive panicle number and 1 000-grain weight. [Conclusion] The results revealed the relationship between grain yield and yield components in different rice cultivars, which provided references for developing reasonable cultivation measures and thus to improve the yield of super rice in large acreage.

Dry Matter Accumulation,Moisture Content in Maize Kernel and Their Influences on Mechanical Harvesting

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the dry matter accumulation,moisture content in maize kernel and their influences on mechanical harvesting.[Methods] Using Zhengdan 958,Xianyu 335,Hongda 8 and Liyu 16 as experimental materials,we preliminarily measured the dynamic changes of dry matter accumulation and moisture content with the days after pollination lasted,and investigated the effect of moisture content in kernels on mechanical harvesting of Zhengdan 958 and Liyu 16.[Results] During summer growing season,Zhengdan 958 and Liyu 16 became physiologically mature and suitable for harvesting at about 51 days after pollination,Xianyu 335 and Hongda 8 required 58 days to become physiologically mature and suitable for harvesting after pollination.At physiologically mature stage,the moisture contents in kernels of Zhengdan 958,Xianyu 335,Hongda 8 and Liyu 16 were respectively 33.74%,28.86%,32.05% and 35.24%,respectively.Adopting mechanical harvesting at physiologically mature stage,the kernel loss rate of Zhengdan 958 and Liyu 16 was consistent with the range of mechanical operation index（kernel loss rate of 0.84%≤2%）,while the percentage of broken kernels did not accord with the range of mechanical operation index（kernel crashing rate of 10.12%≧1%）.The results indicate that Zhengdan 958 and Liyu 16 are not suitable for mechanical harvesting using full feeding combine havester.[Conclusion] This study provided theoretical basis for improving the maize harvest index under delayed harvesting.

Numerical simulation of ductile fracture behavior for aluminum alloy sheet under cyclic plastic deformation

A numerical analysis of mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy sheet under cyclic plastic deformation was investigated.Forming limit at fracture was derived from Cockcroft-Latham ductile damage criterion.The strain path of bending center of incremental roller hemming could be accepted as a kind of plane strain bending deformation process.Incremental rope roller hemming could be used to alleviate ductile fracture behavior by changing the stress state of the hemming-effected area.SEM observation on the fracture surface indicates that cyclic plastic deformation affects ductile fracture mechanism.

Numerical studies of effect of tool sizes and pin shapes on friction stir welding of AA2024-T3 alloy

Coupled thermo-mechanical model was used to investigate the effects of the pin diameter, the shoulder diameter and the in conical angle on the heat generations, the material deformations and the energy histories in friction stir welding（FSW） of AA2024-T3 alloy. Results indicate that the shoulder-plate contact area takes more important contribution to the heat generation than the pin-plate contact area. The increase of the shoulder diameter or the decrease of the pin diameter can lead to the increase of the welding temperature in FSW, but the change of shoulder size is more important. Compared to the cases in FSW of AA6061-T6, the input power is obviously increased in FSW of AA2024-T3 and the ratio of the plastic dissipation to the friction dissipation becomes decreased.

Yield Composition Analysis of Vine Tip of Leaf-vegetable Sweetpotato

Total yields of vine tip of seven varieties of Leaf-vegetable sweetpotato during 2006-2007 were investigated; proportions of the weights of leaf, leaf stalk and stem in total vine tip yield and their changes among varieties and during topping stages were studied. The results showed that vine tip yields of sweetpotato were significantly different among either varieties or topping stages; leaf yield accounted for about 51% of total vine yield, and changes in leaf yield among topping stages were higher than that among varieties; while yields of leaf stalk and stem each accounted for 25% of total vine tip yield, their changes among varieties were higher than those among topping stages. These results revealed the yield composition of vine tip of Leaf-vegetable sweetpotato, which provided scientific references for breeding and cultivating new Leaf-vegetable sweetpotato variety and its industrialization.

Wrinkling prediction in rubber forming of Ti-15-3 alloy

Wrinkling is a common failure in the sheet metal forming of titanium owing to the relatively poor ability to shrink. It is important to predict wrinkling accurately in the sheet metal forming without costly trials. The ABAQUS/Explicit code was utilized to predict the wrinkling behavior in the sheet metal forming of Ti-15-3 alloy sheets. In terms of the comparison of wrinkling behavior between the simulation and experiment of the Fukui＇s conical cup tests at room temperature, the sensitivities of wrinkling simulation to various input parameters were evaluated comprehensively and quantitatively. Prediction of wrinkling and influence of rubber hardness on the winkling behavior in the rubber forming of convex flange were investigated quantitatively and validated by the rubber forming experiments. The excellent agreements between the simulations and the experiments conIirmed the accuracy of the prediction.

Characteristics of Retoon Rice Yield Components and Relationship of the Characteristics with Rate of Bud Emergence and Root Activity

[Objective] The aim was to study on characteristics of retoon rice yield components, and relationship of the characteristics with born bud rate and root ac- tivity of retoon rice before harvesting. [Method] Eighteen mid-season hybrid rice va- rieties approved recently were taken as materials in high-yield cultivation conditions. Characteristics of retoon rice yield components were analyzed, and relationship of yield components characteristics with the rate of bud emergence and root activity of retoon rice before harvesting was explored, based on related data. [Result] Highly- yielding retoon rice is characterized by high effective ear number （Xl） and high set- ting percentage （X4）; the number of germinated shoots the 5^＊ d after first-batch rice was cut is a key factor for retoon rice yield and was of positive correlation with re- toon rice seedlings and effective ears, with correlation coefficients at 0.80^＊＊ and 0.76^＊＊. In addition, bleeding sap was of positive correlation with grain number and setting percentage of retoon rice and correlation coefficients were 0.50^＊ and 0.48^＊＊, and of positive correlation with average panicle weight, with correlation coefficient at 0.63. [Conclusion] It is an effective way for the rate of bud emergence and root activity at lar ecological zones. mproving retoon rice yield to increase harvesting in the test sites and simi lar ecological zones.

Remanufacturing production planning considering quality cost and demand substitution

Aiming to minimize the total production costs in a single planning period, a nonlinear integer programming model for remanufacturing production plans is established considering the influence of different qualities of returns acting on production cost. Three different remanufacturing and discarding strategies are adopted to analyze the change rules of the total production costs. The results returns is greater than indicate that when the number of remanufacturing returns of high the demand, preferentially quality and discarding those of low quality can bring better economic benefits due to manufacturing cost reduction. However, when the number of returns is smaller than the demand, there is no need to consider grading of returns, whereas new demand of remanufacturing. parts are required to satisfy the

Effects of Different Transplanting Densities on Yield and Yield Components of Japonica Longke 16

[Objective] This study was conducted to improve unit yield of rice in Longyang District and find the relationship between transplanting density and rice yield. [Method] Under the condition of field plot test, effects of cultivation density on yield and yield components were investigated with japonica rice Longke 16 as a test material. [Result] Under a planting density of 2.7-3.3×10^5 clusters/hm^2, equivalent to a density of seedlings with tillers of 5.4-6.6×10^5/hm^2, the yield reached 11 250-12 000 kg/hm^2. [Conclusion] Longke 16 is a japonica rice variety with good comprehensive characters, and rational dense planting and accurate quantitative cultivation could give full play to its high yield potential.

EFFECT OF POSITIVE-INDEFINITE MATRIX ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE DIFFUSION TENSOR-DERIVED PARAMETERS

To evaluate the effect of the positive-indefinite matrix on the diffusion tensor-derived parameters, a modified algorithm is proposed for calculating these parameters. Magnetic resonance （MR） diffusion tensor images of five healthy volunteers are collected. The diffusion sensitive gradient magnetic fields are applied along 25 directions and the diffusion weighting value is 1 000 s/mm^2. Many positive-indefinite diffusion tensors can be found in the white matter area, such as the genu and the splenium of corpus callosum. Due to the positive-indefinite matrix, the mean diffusivity （MD） and the fractional anisotropy （FA） are under-estimated and over-estimated by using the conventional algorithm. Thus, the conventional algorithm is modified by using the absolute values of all eigenvalues. Results show that both the robustness and the reliability for deriving these parameters are improved by the modified algorithm.

Effect of Fulvic Acid on Growth and Yield Components of Direct Seeding Rice

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effect of fulvic acid on the growth and yield components of direct seeding rice （Nanjing 44）. MethodThe rice seeds were soaked in 0 （water as a control）, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/L fulvic acid （FA） before sowed. Then, the rice morphological indices, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthesis parameters, root activity and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured in the following field studies. ResultCompared with the control, the leaf area index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and dry matter weight and some fluorescence parameters such as the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II （PSII） （Fv/Fm）, excitation energy capture efficiency of opened PSII reaction center （Fv’/Fm’） and efficiency of the open reaction centre （ΦPS II） increased by different levels at both jointing stage and heading stage of direct seeding rice, whose seeds were soaked by FA with different concentrations. High FA concentration （4-6 g/L） significantly increased the cultivated rice leaf area index, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and dry matter weight by 10.32% -22.88% , 5.88% -13.11% , 12.16% -26.84% , 11.43% -88.46% , 10.63% -21.63% , 18.49% -19.68% , respectively, thereby improving the physiological function and light energy transform efficiency of rice at the growth stage. With FA concentration increasing, the yield, effective panicles, grain number per panicle and seed setting rate were increased significantly compared with the control by 17.52%-18.71%, 3.46%-3.85%, 6.30%- 6.51% and 7.82%-8.69% respectively. ConclusionSoaking rice seed with FA could be considered as an effective way to improve the rice competitiveness at early growth stage.

Correlation Analysis Between Yield Components and Yield Per Plant of Double-low Hybrid Rapeseed

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study the relation between yield components and yield per plant of double-low hybrid rapeseed and provide reference for breaking yield limitation of rapeseed and culturing new double-low hybrid rapeseed variety. [Method]The yield components and yield per plant of two cross combination of double-low hybrid rapeseed (B02, D04) and Shuza 6 were correlatively analyzed and compared, besides, the path analysis was also carried on to them. [Result] Among B02, D04 and Shuza No.6, effective pod number per plant and seeds per silique, seeds per pod and 1 000-grain weight were all negative correlation. In high yield hybrid, pod number per plant, seeds per pod had more impaction on yield per plant than 1 000-grain weight and the difference was at 0.01 significant level. In the control variety Shuza No.6, the impactions of pod number per plant and seeds per pod on yield per plant were bigger than that of 1 000-grain weight on yield per plant, however, the difference was not significant. [Conclusion] The improvement of effective pod number per plant was an important aim of breeding work of double low rapeseed breeding in Sichuan ecological region.

QTL Mapping of Yield and Yield Components for Elite Hybrid Derived-RILs in Upland Cotton

A population of 180 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） was developed by single seed descended from the cross of high yield Upland cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） varieties Zhongmiansuo12 （ZMSI2） and 8891, the two parents of Xiangzamian2 （XZM2）. A genetic linkage map consisting of 132 loci and covering 865.20 cM was constructed using the RIL population chiefly with SSR markers. Yield and yield components were investigated for RILs in three environments in China. The purpose of the present research was to analyze the relationship between yield and its components and to map QTL for yield and yield components in cotton. QTL were tagged with data sets from single environment （separate analysis） and a set of data from means of the three environments （joint analysis）. A total of 34 QTL for yield and yield components were independently detected in three environments, whereas fifteen QTL were found in joint analysis. Notably, a stable lint percentage QTL qLP-A10-1 was detected both in joint analysis and in two environments of separate analysis, which might be of special value for marker-assisted selection. The QTL detected in the present study provide new information on improving yield and yield components. Results of path analysis showed that bolls/plant had the largest contribution to lint yield, which is consistent with the mid-parent heterosis value in F1. Accordingly, in cotton breeding, bolls/plant can be considered first and other yield components measured as a whole to implement variety enhancement and hybrid selection of cotton.

Study on Improvement of Walnut Bud Grafting Technology in the North

[Objective] This study was conducted to change the situation of high cost in walnut grafting by reducing seedling cost through technical means.[Method] Effects of different rootstock processing methods and rootstock pruning time on walnut growth and cost were studied by the square bud grafting method.[Result] The survival rate and cost under stumping were higher than those under no stumping,and the proportion of grafting-capable rootstocks under stumping was lower than that under no stumping by 9%.The cost differences between different rootstock time were remarkable.The cost for the stock pruning 15 d after grafting was 5 times as much as 1 d after grafting.[Conclusion] Direct grafting could achieve the effect of easy and convenient management,and the overall cost was lower though the survival rate was reduced to a limited extent.Sooner rootstock pruning resulted in a better effect.Pruning the rootstocks within 5 d after grafting not only could improve the quality of seedlings,but also could reduce the cost for seedling management.

ON INFORMATION THEORY METHOD FOR RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF DIFFERENT SUCCESS FAILURE MODEL UNITS

Using the characteristic of addition of information quantity and the principle of equivalence of information quantity, this paper derives the general conversion formulae of the formation theory method conversion (synthesis) on the systems consisting of different success failure model units. According to the fundamental method of the unit reliability assessment, the general models of system reliability approximate lower limits are given. Finally, this paper analyses the application of the assessment method by examples, the assessment results are neither conservative nor radical and very satisfactory. The assessment method can be popularized to the systems which have fixed reliability structural models.

An automatical infill shot method for uniform imaging of target layer

Seismic imaging quality is critical to describing reservoirs. There are many methods that can improve imaging quality; some rely on advanced processing means, whereas others rely on changing the field acquisition methods. However, most of the acquisition methods focus on improving imaging by using infill shots without considering the target-layer illumination energy. Moreover, total infill shooting greatly increases the acquisition cost. In this paper, we present a new method for maximizing the contribution to the target shadow area illumination by automatic local infill shooting. Thus, we designed 2D and 3D models and obtained the depth migration section by forward modeling, infill shots, depth migration, etc. The model results also show that by choosing the most appropriate number of shot points, we can enhance the shadow area energy and improve the target-layer imaging quality at low cost.