伊拉克战争动员实施的几个特点

伊拉克战争是本世纪初国际关系中一个重大事件,它不但是一场最有争议的战争,也是人类社会有史以来双方战争要素“代差”甚为明显的战争。在这场战争中,交战双方按照各自战争理论,前后进行了多达半年的战争动员准备,其时间之长、规模之大、范围之广、手段之多均是史无前例的。而其间显现出的一些战争动员特点,值得人们关注和思考。 一、多领域展开 高技术条件下,由于信息作战遍布多维空间,贯穿平时、战时,渗透于军事和非军事领域,使之作战形态、战场环境、力量运用。

A Reexamination of the Legacy of Lt. General James Longstreet, CSA

It is the purpose of this paper to reexamine the systematic process by which James Longstreet became the scapegoat for the defeat of the Battle of Gettysburg and consequently caused the South to lose her chance to become an independent country. James Longstreet played a crucial role in the American Civil War. He was Robert E. Lee＇s hand chosen Senior Lt. General, commanding the 1st Corp of the Army of northern Virginia. At the close of the war, he was a highly respected and accomplished general. However, following the death of Robert E. Lee, Longstreet＇s military reputation came under severe criticism. Without Lee to dispute the controversial allegations, the public accepted them as true. This organized effort of a small group of Confederate officers to destroy Longstreet＇s military accomplishment was also known as The Lost Cause Writers.

Does Innovation Drive Sustainable Competitive Advantages？

This paper examines the critical role of innovations as a driver for sustainable competitive advantages. A quadruple model of global strategy is introduced. The model is based on the introduction of an innovation-based perspective of strategy. This is in addition to the other three but well-known perspectives of global strategy （industry-based, resource-based, and institution-based views）. Thus, the four perspectives of strategy could lead a complete set of factors that need to be analyzed for the formulation of global strategy. The model could assist organizations in sustaining their competitive advantages. It is proposed that the introduction of the innovation-based view represents the fourth perspective of a strategy quadruple, thus overcoming a long-standing criticism, namely, the global strategy may lack adequate attention to innovation in developing a firms＇ global competitive strategies. This paper presents a set of four hypotheses. When tested, these hypotheses could result in a better understanding of the link between the innovation and the global strategy domain. Furthermore, the quadruple model could be useful in understanding the relationship between innovativeness and business performance. It is anticipated that this paper could assist researchers, business management, and analysts in developing global innovation strategies.

Iraq-lran chemical war： calendar, mortality and morbidity

Objectives： To review the calendar, mortality and morbidity of Iraq-Iran chemical war among Iranians based on researchers＇ reports. Methods： We used national and international databanks such as PubMed, ISI, Scopus, Irandoc and Iranmedex and studied 350 articles related to chemical agents and their effects on different organs. The main criteria for qualification of articles were relevancy orientation and being published in approved medical journals. Results： The Iraqi army invaded to west and southwest Iran using chemical weapons such as nerve agents （NAs） and sulfur mustard （SM）. Most victims were civilians including women and children. These attacks had imposed more than 150 types of diseases and complications on Iranians and the frequency of death was 2%-3%. Most reports were about respiratory problems and a few were in the domain of socio-economic damages Conclusion： At present, 25 years after me end of war, the victims are faced with different complications induced by chemical agents and it is estimated that they will be continuously troubled by these problems in future.

朱德的三枚一级军功勋章

中国人民解放军英勇地进行了长期革命战争，战胜了国内外反革命武装力量，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，对新中国的建立是有卓越功勋的。为了表彰革命功勋，发扬光荣传统，全国人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议在1955年2月l2日通过《中华人民共和国授予中国人民解放军在中国人民革命战争时期有功人员的勋章奖章条例》。