Historical records and archaeological remains indicate that the Chinese agricultural economy changed significantly from the Warring States （475-221 BC） to Han Dynasties （206 BC-220 AD）, i.e., from rice-millet base...Historical records and archaeological remains indicate that the Chinese agricultural economy changed significantly from the Warring States （475-221 BC） to Han Dynasties （206 BC-220 AD）, i.e., from rice-millet based agriculture to rice-millet-wheat based agriculture. However, the variation of human diets and the inner relationship between human diets and the agricultural transition during this period remain poorly understood. In this paper, the C and N stable isotopes from human and animal bones at the Shenmingpu site （SMPS）, Xichuan County, Henan Province were analyzed. If some outliers （M34, M36, M102） were excluded, the mean δ13C value （（-16.7±0.8）‰, n=15） of humans in Hart Dynasties was dramatically lower than that in the Warring States （（-12.7±0.8）‰, n=14）, indicating that the cultivation of rice and wheat, especially wheat, had been more widely popularized in Han Dynasties. Meanwhile, the range of 615N values of humans （6.6‰-9.3‰） in Hart Dynasties was narrower than that of the Warring States （6.2‰-10.4‰）, suggesting that the animal protein resources in human foods during Han Dynasties were more concentrated. The transition of human diets and the close relationship with the change of agricultural economy in SMPS were due to more stable society, the carryout of new agricultural policies, and the emergence of new agri- cultural tools in Han Dynasties.展开更多
Over the course of the epochal 30 years, i.e., from the founding of People＇s Republic of China in 1949 till the launching of Chinese economic reform in 1978, the Communist Party of China （CPC） underwent a tremendou...Over the course of the epochal 30 years, i.e., from the founding of People＇s Republic of China in 1949 till the launching of Chinese economic reform in 1978, the Communist Party of China （CPC） underwent a tremendous transformation from the founding to the ruling party of the country. The present research examines the historical, social as well as political aspects of the identity crisis and the CPC was suffering from in its adventurous efforts to chart a course for the socialist transformation of China. It was tempted to resume its leadership role in the revolution given the mounting tension generated by the Cold War and the prevailing revolutionary beliefs within the Party. Nevertheless, it was obliged to restore the country＇s social and political order after the sweeping national reform. In search of an adequate interpretation for the various attempts the Party made in exploring its refreshed identity, hence resolving the crisis, the study focuses on a similar crisis which befell the Party leader, Mao Zedong, in his own struggle against the con- fusion caused by his potentially double role as the head of both a founding and a ruling party. The study suggests that Mao＇s misidentification of his own political role inevitably led to the Party＇s dysfunctions, and closer investigation into the leader＇s personal dilemma offers new insight into such tragic events as the Anti- Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution.展开更多
基金supported by grants from CAS Knowledge Innovation Directional Project (Grant No.KZCX2-YW-Q1-04)CAS Strategic Priority Research Program (Grant Nos.XDA05130303, XDA05130501)+2 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences & Max-Planck Institute Partnership Group Project (Grant No.KACX1-YW-0830)National Science and Technology Ministry (Grant No.2010BAK67B03)Relic Preservation Project of South-to-North Water Diversion
文摘Historical records and archaeological remains indicate that the Chinese agricultural economy changed significantly from the Warring States （475-221 BC） to Han Dynasties （206 BC-220 AD）, i.e., from rice-millet based agriculture to rice-millet-wheat based agriculture. However, the variation of human diets and the inner relationship between human diets and the agricultural transition during this period remain poorly understood. In this paper, the C and N stable isotopes from human and animal bones at the Shenmingpu site （SMPS）, Xichuan County, Henan Province were analyzed. If some outliers （M34, M36, M102） were excluded, the mean δ13C value （（-16.7±0.8）‰, n=15） of humans in Hart Dynasties was dramatically lower than that in the Warring States （（-12.7±0.8）‰, n=14）, indicating that the cultivation of rice and wheat, especially wheat, had been more widely popularized in Han Dynasties. Meanwhile, the range of 615N values of humans （6.6‰-9.3‰） in Hart Dynasties was narrower than that of the Warring States （6.2‰-10.4‰）, suggesting that the animal protein resources in human foods during Han Dynasties were more concentrated. The transition of human diets and the close relationship with the change of agricultural economy in SMPS were due to more stable society, the carryout of new agricultural policies, and the emergence of new agri- cultural tools in Han Dynasties.
文摘Over the course of the epochal 30 years, i.e., from the founding of People＇s Republic of China in 1949 till the launching of Chinese economic reform in 1978, the Communist Party of China （CPC） underwent a tremendous transformation from the founding to the ruling party of the country. The present research examines the historical, social as well as political aspects of the identity crisis and the CPC was suffering from in its adventurous efforts to chart a course for the socialist transformation of China. It was tempted to resume its leadership role in the revolution given the mounting tension generated by the Cold War and the prevailing revolutionary beliefs within the Party. Nevertheless, it was obliged to restore the country＇s social and political order after the sweeping national reform. In search of an adequate interpretation for the various attempts the Party made in exploring its refreshed identity, hence resolving the crisis, the study focuses on a similar crisis which befell the Party leader, Mao Zedong, in his own struggle against the con- fusion caused by his potentially double role as the head of both a founding and a ruling party. The study suggests that Mao＇s misidentification of his own political role inevitably led to the Party＇s dysfunctions, and closer investigation into the leader＇s personal dilemma offers new insight into such tragic events as the Anti- Rightist Movement, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution.
