在“05-1”多国海上演习中，法车海军一架“阵风”M多用途战斗机在美国海军“艾森豪威尔”号（CVN-69）航母上进行了接航复飞，一架来自法军“夏尔·戴高乐”（Charles De Gaulle)号航母（R-91）的E-2C“鹰眼”预警机在“艾森豪威...在“05-1”多国海上演习中，法车海军一架“阵风”M多用途战斗机在美国海军“艾森豪威尔”号（CVN-69）航母上进行了接航复飞，一架来自法军“夏尔·戴高乐”（Charles De Gaulle)号航母（R-91）的E-2C“鹰眼”预警机在“艾森豪威尔”（CVN-69）航母上进行了起降。展开更多
Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depe...Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .展开更多
基金Acknowledgements We wish to thank Jack Bradbury for the suggestion to explore the negotiation literature to understand lekking sage-grouse, and Heather McKibben and Kyle Joyce for the help in interpreting the literature. Additional thanks to two anonymous reviewers and editor, Eileen Hebets. This work was funded in part by a National Science Foundation grant to GLP and AHK （IOS-0925038）.
文摘Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .
