Structure and Ownership of Agricultural Land in Poland in the First Years of New Millennium

Poland is characterized by a high relations, existing in the past, low level of overpopulation. Concentration of agricultural share of agricultural land in total surface. economic development, compared to the land is observed on areas with fertile soils This is the effect of the socio-economic countries of Western Europe, and rural and in the less industrialized central and eastern parts of the country. The lowest shares of agricultural land are observed on areas featuring natural conditions disadvantageous for farming, the highly forested North-Western Poland, and the areas characterized by high degree of industrialization and urbanization. The contemporary ownership structure in Poland is the effect of historical transformations of the social, economic and political relations. The pattern of the ownership structure developed over the centuries, and it is the resultant of the diverse socio-economic processes.

The concept of capital before and after industrial revolution： Islamic versus market economy

The concept of capital and ownership of capital in market economy and Islamic economy is different. Also the role that capital is expected to play in the economy is different in two economic systems. One of the key elements in creation of the capital （capital formation） is interest rate. In Islam interest is strictly forbidden. This paper reviews the concept of capital and the process of capital formation both before and after industrial revelation. In that context it also looks at the function of interest rate during the time of Prophet Mohammed and the present time.

China-US Trade Balance under the Ownership-based Statistical System

In the context of economic globalization,territory-based bilateral trade statistics are no longer compatible with the reality of cross-border flow of capital factor and rapid emergence of multinational firms.On the basis of survey of literature studies,this paper has created a three-country model of bilateral trade based on ownership principle and demonstrated that ownership-based statistical system under this model can reflect bilateral trade volume and balance more objectively,truthfully and comprehensively.In addition to theoretical demonstration,this paper has revaluated China-US trade balance using ownership-based statistical methodology and the result indicates that the existing statistical system of trade severely overestimates the real level of China-US trade balance and FDI in China is a major reason behind increasing China-US trade surplus.

Research of Chinese law not defining the ownership of Natural Resources --Explore recent Chinese ＂ebony＂ ownership disputes Case

Recently, the domestic natural resources ownership dispute with gloomy wood （ebony） as the representative is one after another. With China＇ s urbanization process and development of economic construction, one can imagine that such disputes may be intensified. Chinese law has not been clearly defined How to solve the dispute over the ownership of natural resources, which become difficult problems of China＇ s current judicial practice. Doctrinal, we can cut from typical cases of ebony ownership disputes, combined with the relevant provisions of civil law, property law, land law, etc., to build ＂ do the right ＂ mechanism of Chinese law＇ s not defining the categories of natural resources to provide guidelines and referees for judicial practice and similar mystery.

On the Two Main Lines of China’s Economic Reform

In the autumn of 1987,the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System organized eight units including the Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS)to submit reports providing an outline economic reform plan for China for 1988-1995.The CASS Research Group recommended that enterprise reform and pricing and ownership reforms and their operational mechanisms should be carried out alongside each other in a two main lines approach.China’s deepening economic reforms have adhered to these two main lines throughout the last forty years.The first main line includes the revival and development of the individual economy,followed by the private economy,the introduction and utilization of foreign capital,and the reform of public ownership,including the state-owned system.In 1997,the 15th National Congress of the Party proposed the establishment of a socialist basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and simultaneous development of multiple forms of ownership.“Public ownership as the main body”is reflected in the dominance of public assets among total social assets and the fact that the state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development.The dominant role of public ownership has not changed in the forty years of reform and opening up.The second main line covers price reform,building a modern market system,reforming macro-control mechanisms and perfecting the macro-control and regulation system.From 1979 to 2017,our GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.5 percent,while the CPI grew at an average annual rate of less than 5 percent:a perfect match.The two main line approach is in line with the provisions of economic reform in the new era proposed in the report at the 19th National Party Congress,which focuses on improving the property rights system and market-oriented factor allocation.There is no distinction of primary or secondary in the role of the two main lines;both are equally important.They are united in the establishment and improvement of the socialist market economic system.