“诗中有画,画所难画”——王维诗中的画境研究

王维的诗曾被苏轼评为"味摩诘之诗,诗中有画",世称妙评。王维诗、画、音乐兼通,在诗里则往往喜欢将诗情、画意、乐感等感觉杂糅,甚而融进禅意悟道,尽可能丰富完整地表达自我感受。然而,诗与画毕竟是两类不同艺术门类,内容与形式、蕴含与表现都不一致,二者不可轻易等同。因此,王维一些诗境有浓郁的画意,却难以用画将诗意完全地表现出来,即"诗中有画",却"画所难画"。

化学课堂教学中教师的心理换位

教师通过心理换位能求得与学生思维上的同步和心理上的共鸣,使教学过程得到优化。

从“君臣合祀”看“君臣一体”

成都武侯祠是“中国唯一的君臣合祀祠庙”,这在很大程度上是明代藩王朱椿所为,宗旨是为彰显“君臣一体”。司马贞曾评论:“君臣一体,自古所难”,道出了封建社会关于“君臣一体”的现实与梦想的不一致。“君臣之义”的重要性,不可能超过“父子之亲”的伦理关系。刘备与诸葛亮的关系也不是“君臣一体”。之所以历代称颂诸葛亮,其实主要是封建统治者需要臣子学习诸葛亮的忠贞不贰而已。所以,本为突出刘备彰显“君臣一体”的“君臣合祀”,遂变成了臣为主,君为辅。这肯定是朱椿没有预料到的。

On-Demand Post-Disaster Emergency Shelters

In post-disaster emergency shelter aid, various relief agencies and other actors with different backgrounds need to cooperate in a tremendously short amount of time and under very different circumstances. In this article, we describe a research project that develops and tests a new approach in which the demands for shelters in a specific situation are methodically connected with available, innovative and sustainable shelter solutions, a DSS （decision support system）. The DSS is a digital tool that translates the gathered evidence on needs, solutions and location including long-term effects of shelter provision into advice for the provision of sustainable, integral broader shelter solutions and designs. The outcome is a set of characteristics for a DSS for the provision of on-demand emergency shelters. A DSS that meets these characteristics leads to the provision of sustainable shelters that meet the needs of the users and, therefore, have higher performance in long term.

The role of trust in supervisor in participative budgeting systems

This study examined the relationship between budget participation and managerial performance as mediated by trust in supervisor and explored the moderating role of budget-goal difficulty on budget participation, trust in supervisor, and managerial performance. One-hundred-fifty-eight useful responses were drawn at random from subordinate managers of manufacturing companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange. The mediating effect of trust in supervisor was examined by path analysis. Subgroup analysis was used to examine the contingency effect of budget-goal difficulty on the mediating role of trust in supervisor between budget participation and performance. The findings support our hypotheses and demonstrate the mediating effect of trust in supervisor and the moderating effect of budget-goal difficulty.

The Role of the Forest in German Literature： From the Medieval Forest to the Griines Band

This paper demonstrates how much the forest was used by medieval writers as a symbolic space where critical events take place deeply affecting their protagonists. The forest motif can be found in the works of St. Augustine as well as in Dante＇s Divina Commedia （ca. 1308-1321）, and then in a plethora of other texts. Here the author examines more closely the symbolic meaning of the forest as a mysterious, dangerous, yet also spiritual location in Wolfram von Eschenbach＇s Titurel （ca. 1220） and then in two 15th-century prose novels： Thtiring von Ringoltingen＇s Melusine （1456） and the anonymous Fortunatus （1509）. Each time we recognize how much the poets placed their central figures one in the forest where their life takes a major turn. Recognizing this intriguing function of the forest as a metaphor and symbol, we can employ the modern interest in and fascination with the forest as a refuge from the destruction of the natural environment through modem civilization as segue to attract students to the study of medieval literature once again.

Climate refugia along Lake Superior’s shores:disjunct arctic-alpine plants rely on cool shoreline temperatures but are restricted to highly exposed habitat under climate warming

Climate refugia can serve as a remnant habitat or stepping stones for species dispersal under climate warming.The largest freshwater lake by surface area,Lake Superior,USA and Canada,serves as a model system for understanding cooling-mediated local refugia,as its cool water temperatures and wave action have maintained shoreline habitats suitable for southern disjunct populations of arctic-alpine plants since deglaciation.Here,we seek to explain spatial patterns and environmental drivers of arctic-alpine plant refugia along Lake Superior’s shores,and assess future risk to refugia under moderate(+3.5℃)and warmest(+5.7℃)climate warming scenarios.First,we examined how the interactive effects of summer surface water temperatures and wind affected onshore temperatures,resulting in areas of cooler refugia.Second,we developed an ecological niche model for the presence of disjunct arctic-alpine refugia(pooling 1253 occurrences from 58 species)along the lake’s shoreline.Third,we fit species distribution models for 20 of the most common arctic-alpine disjunct species and predicted presence to identify refugia hotspots.Finally,we used the two climate warming scenarios to predict changes in the presence of refugia and disjunct hotspots.Bedrock type,elevation above water,inland distance,July land surface temperature from MODIS/Terra satellite and near-shore depth of water were the best predictors of disjunct occurrences.Overall,we predicted 2236 km of the shoreline(51%)as disjunct refugia habitat for at least one species under current conditions,but this was reduced to 20% and 7% with moderate(894 km)and warmest(313 km)climate change projections.

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朱熹学术研讨会:在此'我言秋日胜春朝'的时节,召开朱熹研究盛会,其意义重大。朱熹是继儒家创始人孔子之后,伟大的思想家、哲学家、教育家。他在世界文化史、哲学史上应有重要地位;他的思想不仅成为中国元以后的意识形态,亦成为东亚日、韩、越等国的官学,他的学术致广大尽精微,综罗百代,建构了中国哲学史上最为完整的逻辑结构,构筑了中国学术史上最宏大的体系,为后人所难企及。他的思想以理气为核心范畴,而展开经济、政治、哲学、自然科学、形神、动静、知行、心性、理欲、教育及美学、文学、伦理学、

Rethinking phylogeographic structure and historical refugia in the rufous-capped babbler Cyanoderma ruficeps in light of range-wide genetic sampling and paleodistributional reconstructions

Combining ecological niche modeling with phylogeography has become a popular approach to understand how historical climate changes have created and maintained population structure. However, methodological choices in geographic extents and environmental layer sets employed in modeling may affect results and interpretations profoundly. Here, we infer range-wide phylogeographic structure and model ecological niches of Cyanoderrna ruficeps, and compare results to previous studies that examined this species across China's Mainland and Taiwan only. Use of dense taxon sampling of closely related species as outgroups question C. ruficeps monophyly. Furthermore, previously unsampled C. ruficeps populations from central Vietnam were closely related to disjunct western populations （Nepal, Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan）, rather than to geographically proximate populations in northern Vietnam and eastern China. Phylogeographic structure is more complex than previously appreciated; niche model projections to Last Glacial Maximum climate scenarios identified larger areas of suitable conditions than previous studies, but potential distributional limits differed markedly between climate models employed and were dependent upon interpretation of non-analogous historical climate scenarios. Previously identified population expansion across central China may result from colonization from refugial distributions during the Last Interglacial, rather than the Last Glacial Maximum, as previously understood [Current Zoology 61 （5）： 901-909, 2015].

Detecting the driving forces underlying the divergence of spruce forests in China: evidence from phytocoenology, morphology and phylogenetics

Aims We aimed to elucidate the driving forces underlying the geographical distribution of spruce forests,as well as the morphological and phylogenetic divergence among spruce species in China.Methods One hundred and seventy two sites across the entire range of spruce forests in China(23°–53°N,75°–134°E,250–4300 m a.s.l.)were sampled for species composition,geographical coordinates,and topographic and climatic variables.Sixteen spruce taxa,which are naturally distributed in China,were respectively grouped into morphologically defined sections and phylogenetically distinct clades.Multivariate approaches,including two-way indicator species analysis,principal components analysis,detrended correspondence analysis,canonical correspondence analysis(CCA),and partial CCA,were used for data analysis.Important Findings The 172 samples grouped into 13 spruce forests,the geographical distributions of which were closely related to climate and geographical location.The variation in species composition explained by the geographical coordinates(32.01%)was significantly higher than that explained by the climatic(27.76%)and topographic variables(23.32%).Of the three morphologically defined sections,sect.Omorica occurred mainly in wetter habitats with a mean annual precipitation of ca.229 mm and 426 mm higher than the habitats of sect.Casicta and sect.Picea(P<0.01),respectively.Of the two phylogenetically distinct clades,Clade-II(an older clade)occurred in habitats with warm winters and cool summers whose mean temperature in the coldest month was ca.8–10℃ higher,yet accumulated temperature during the growing season(≥5℃)was ca.297–438℃ lower,than the habitats of Clade-III(a younger clade)(P<0.01).Our data support the hypothesis that geographical location may be a greater determinant of variation in species composition.In addition,moisture conditions tend to be the key determinants that account for the divergence among the morphologically defined sections,while the phylogenetic divergence among spruce species is mainly affected by temperature conditions.While the clades or sections of the spruce species in question carry strong climatic signals,their divergences are subject to different selective pressures.

Existence of spatiotemporal patterns in the reaction-diffusion predator-prey model incorporating prey refuge

The pattern formation in reaction-diffusion system has long been the subject of interest to the researchers in the domain of mathematical ecology because of its universal exis- tence and importance. The present investigation deals with a spatial dynamics of the Beddington-DeAngelis predator-prey model in the presence of a constant proportion of prey refuge. The model system representing boundary value problem under study is subjected to homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. The asymptotic stability including the local and the global stability and the bifurcation as well of the unique pos- itive homogeneous steady state of the corresponding temporal model has been analyzed. The Turing instability region in two-parameter space and the condition of diffusion- driven instability of the spatiotemporal model are investigated. Based on the appro- priate numerical simulations, the present model dynamics in Turing space appears to get influenced by prey refuge while it exhibits diffusion-controlled pattern formation growth to spots, stripe-spot mixtures, labyrinthine, stripe-hole mixtures and holes repli- cation. The results obtained appear to enrich the findings of the model system under consideration.

Prey-predator model with functional response for optimal harvesting incorporating prey refuge

This paper presents a prey-predator model considering the predator interacting with non-refuges prey by class of functional responses. Here we also consider harvesting for only non-refuges prey. We discuss the equilibria of the model, and their stability for hiding prey either in constant form or proportional to the densities of prey population. We also investigate various possibilities of bionomic equilibrium and optimal harvesting policy. Finally we present numerical examples with pictorial presentation of the various effects of the prey predator system parameter.