Urban areas and its evolution are important anthropogenic indicators and human ecological footprints, and play decisive roles in environmental change analysis, global geo-conditional monitoring, and sustainable develo...Urban areas and its evolution are important anthropogenic indicators and human ecological footprints, and play decisive roles in environmental change analysis, global geo-conditional monitoring, and sustainable development. China has the highest rate of urban expansion and has emerged as an urban expansion hotspot worldwide. In this paper, the progress of studies on Chinese urban expansion based on remote sensing technology are summarized and analyzed from the aspects of urban area definition, remotely sensed imagery applied in urban expansion, monitoring methods of urban expansion, and urban expansion applications. Existing issues and future directions of Chinese urban expansion are discussed and proposed. Results indicate that: 1) The fusion of multi-source remotely sensed imagery is imperative to meet the needs of urban expansion with various monitoring terms and frequencies on different scales and dimensions. 2) To guarantee the classification accuracy and efficiency and describe urban expansion and its influences on local land use simultaneously, the combination of visual interpretation and automatic classification is the tendency of future monitoring methods of urban areas. 3) Urban expansion data have become the prerequisite for recognizing the urban development process, excavating its driving forces, simulating and predicting the future development directions, and also is conducive to revealing and explaining urban ecological and environmental issues. 4) In the past decades, Chinese scholars have promoted the application of remote sensing technology in the urban expansion field, with data construction, methods and models developing from the quotation stage to improvement and innovation stage; however, an independent and consistent urban expansion data on the national scale with long-term and high-frequency(such as annual monitoring) monitoring is still lacking.展开更多
Objective: To study the effect of standard large trauma craniotomy(SLTC) on outcomes of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) (GCS≤8). Methods: 230 patients with severe TBI were randomly divided into two ...Objective: To study the effect of standard large trauma craniotomy(SLTC) on outcomes of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) (GCS≤8). Methods: 230 patients with severe TBI were randomly divided into two groups. 115 patients underwent SLTC (10 cm×12 cm) as an SLTC group, and other 115 patients underwent temporo parietal or fronto temporal craniotomy (6 cm×8 cm) according to the position of hematomas as a routine craniotomy (RC) group. Other treatments were identical in two groups. According to Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), the prognosis of the patients was evaluated and the complications were compared between two groups. Results: 27 patients got good outcome and moderate disability ( 23.5 %), 40 severe disability and vegetative survival ( 34.8 %), and 48 died ( 41.7 %) in SLTC group. 21 patients got good outcome and moderate disability ( 18.3 %), 28 severe disability and vegetative survival ( 24.3 %), and 66 died ( 57.4 %) in RC group. The incidence of incision hernia was lower in SLTC group than in RC group. However, the incidence of operative encephalocele, traumatic epilepsy and intracranial infection were not different in two groups. Conclusions: Standard large trauma craniotomy significantly reduces the mortality of patients with severe TBI without serious complications, but does not improve the life quality of the patients.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Contro and Treatment(No.2017ZX07101001)International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.131C11KYSB20160061)
文摘Urban areas and its evolution are important anthropogenic indicators and human ecological footprints, and play decisive roles in environmental change analysis, global geo-conditional monitoring, and sustainable development. China has the highest rate of urban expansion and has emerged as an urban expansion hotspot worldwide. In this paper, the progress of studies on Chinese urban expansion based on remote sensing technology are summarized and analyzed from the aspects of urban area definition, remotely sensed imagery applied in urban expansion, monitoring methods of urban expansion, and urban expansion applications. Existing issues and future directions of Chinese urban expansion are discussed and proposed. Results indicate that: 1) The fusion of multi-source remotely sensed imagery is imperative to meet the needs of urban expansion with various monitoring terms and frequencies on different scales and dimensions. 2) To guarantee the classification accuracy and efficiency and describe urban expansion and its influences on local land use simultaneously, the combination of visual interpretation and automatic classification is the tendency of future monitoring methods of urban areas. 3) Urban expansion data have become the prerequisite for recognizing the urban development process, excavating its driving forces, simulating and predicting the future development directions, and also is conducive to revealing and explaining urban ecological and environmental issues. 4) In the past decades, Chinese scholars have promoted the application of remote sensing technology in the urban expansion field, with data construction, methods and models developing from the quotation stage to improvement and innovation stage; however, an independent and consistent urban expansion data on the national scale with long-term and high-frequency(such as annual monitoring) monitoring is still lacking.
文摘Objective: To study the effect of standard large trauma craniotomy(SLTC) on outcomes of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) (GCS≤8). Methods: 230 patients with severe TBI were randomly divided into two groups. 115 patients underwent SLTC (10 cm×12 cm) as an SLTC group, and other 115 patients underwent temporo parietal or fronto temporal craniotomy (6 cm×8 cm) according to the position of hematomas as a routine craniotomy (RC) group. Other treatments were identical in two groups. According to Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), the prognosis of the patients was evaluated and the complications were compared between two groups. Results: 27 patients got good outcome and moderate disability ( 23.5 %), 40 severe disability and vegetative survival ( 34.8 %), and 48 died ( 41.7 %) in SLTC group. 21 patients got good outcome and moderate disability ( 18.3 %), 28 severe disability and vegetative survival ( 24.3 %), and 66 died ( 57.4 %) in RC group. The incidence of incision hernia was lower in SLTC group than in RC group. However, the incidence of operative encephalocele, traumatic epilepsy and intracranial infection were not different in two groups. Conclusions: Standard large trauma craniotomy significantly reduces the mortality of patients with severe TBI without serious complications, but does not improve the life quality of the patients.
