用CSTBD试样确定砂岩的动态起裂和扩展韧度

利用大直径霍普金森压杆径向冲击中心直裂纹巴西圆盘(CSTBD)砂岩试样,完成Ⅰ型动态断裂实验。利用实验-数值方法确定了不同动态加载率下砂岩的动态起裂韧度;结合实验-数值法以及普适函数确定了不同裂纹扩展速度下砂岩的动态扩展韧度。为验证普适函数法和实验-数值法的有效性,将实验所得结果与其他学者的研究成果进行了对比分析,得到了相同的规律。所确定的岩石动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度分别随动态加载率的提高和裂纹扩展速度的提高而增加。

用圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘和实验-数值-解析法确定砂岩的动态起裂和扩展韧度

在I型(张开型)动态断裂实验中,利用大直径(?100 mm)分离式霍普金森压杆径向冲击圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘试样。考虑了材料惯性效应和裂纹扩展速度对动态应力强度因子的影响,用实验-数值-解析法确定了高加载率和高裂纹扩展速度情况下,砂岩的动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度。由动态实验获取试样的动荷载历程,采用裂纹扩展计(Crack Propagation Gauge,CPG)测定试样断裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度,获得裂纹扩展速度对应的普适函数值。然后将动荷载历程带入到有限元软件中进行动态数值模拟,求出静止裂纹的动态应力强度因子历程,再用普适函数值对其进行近似修正。最后根据试样的起裂时刻和穿过CPG中点的时刻,由相应的动态应力强度因子历程分别确定砂岩的动态起裂和动态扩展韧度,它们分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的提高而增加。

用P-CCNBD试样测定岩石动态扩展韧度和观察动态止裂现象

关于动态断裂的全过程,包括动态起裂、扩展和止裂的报道在科学文献中受到日益增长的关注。研究岩石的动态扩展和动态止裂,用分离式霍普金森压杆径向冲击大直径(φ160 mm)的预裂人字形切槽巴西圆盘(pre-cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc——P-CCNBD)试样的试验,测定了大理岩的I型动态扩展韧度,而不仅是动态起裂韧度。确定的方法是试验―数值―解析法,而不是通常的准静态法,因为,大尺寸试样在动态试验中不满足应力平衡条件。裂尖起裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度采用应变片和裂纹扩展计监测;将有关试验数据,包括霍普金森压杆施加在试样上的的动态荷载输入有限元程序,对P-CCNBD进行三维动态数值模拟,再结合普适函数的半解析修正,得到动态应力强度因子的时间历程。结果表明,P-CCNBD大理岩试样的动态起裂韧度随加载率的增大而增大,试样的动态扩展韧度略低于动态起裂韧度,且扩展韧度随裂纹扩展速度的加快而增大。此外,对裂纹扩展速度振荡和扩展路径曲折现象进行了分析,讨论了P-CCNBD试样实现动态止裂的可能性。

采用压缩单裂纹圆孔板确定岩石动态起裂、扩展和止裂韧度

爆炸、冲击、地震等人为或自然灾害不可避免,经常造成大量土木工程设施的破坏,因此岩石在动态载荷作用下的行为受到特别关注.岩石动态断裂韧度是评价岩石抵抗裂纹动态起裂、扩展和止裂性能的材料参数,开展岩石动态断裂韧度测试方法的研究对相关理论基础和实验技术的要求较高.岩石动态断裂韧度分为动态起裂、动态扩展、动态止裂三种,虽然关于动态起裂和动态扩展的研究已有一些成果,对岩石动态止裂的研究仍是一个难题,至今几乎无人问津.研究表明,在分离式霍普金森压杆撞击压缩单裂纹圆孔板岩石试样的I型动态断裂试验中,动态起裂、扩展、止裂的全过程可以由黏贴在压缩单裂纹圆孔板试样上的裂纹扩展计监测,岩石的动态起裂、扩展、止裂韧度可以用实验-数值-解析法确定.特别值得一提的是首次测出了岩石的动态止裂韧度.裂纹扩展计信号还显示,压缩单裂纹圆孔板在止裂后,停止的裂纹还会再次动态起裂、扩展并超出裂纹扩展计的检测范围.从能量的角度分析了动态止裂的过程,指出测试动态止裂韧度时要注意的一些问题.结果显示,岩石动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的增大而增大,岩石动态起裂韧度略大于动态止裂韧度.

冲击加载下巷道内裂纹的扩展特性及破坏行为

为了开展含预制裂纹的巷道模型试样在冲击载荷下的动态断裂响应实验,选用青砂岩作为模型材料制作巷道模型试样,以可调速落锤冲击实验机作为冲击加载装置进行试样的动态断裂实验,分析冲击载荷作用下的巷道内裂纹的扩展规律。采用裂纹扩展计及应变片测试系统监测裂纹的起裂时间、扩展速度及止裂时间,并借助于AUTODYN、ABAQUS有限元数值分析软件对实验模型进行数值模拟,计算裂纹的动态起裂韧度、动态扩展韧度、动态止裂韧度等断裂参数。结果表明:巷道内裂纹在扩展路径过程中存在着明显的止裂现象;采用实验-数值方法能够较好地得出裂纹的起裂韧度、扩展韧度和止裂韧度等参数。另外,对止裂现象进行了初步的分析,讨论了试样内应力反射波与透射波对止裂问题的影响。

中低速冲击下Ⅰ型裂纹的动态断裂韧度研究

起裂韧度和扩展韧度是分别用来判别裂纹起裂和扩展的两个重要材料参数,为了探索在中低速冲击荷载下岩石的起裂韧度和扩展韧度的测试方法,选择砂岩单裂纹半圆孔板试样以中低速落锤试验机进行了冲击,并利用裂纹扩展计和应变片测试裂纹的起裂时间及裂纹扩展速度。使用AUTODYN有限差分软件,裂纹软化模型及线性状态方程建立了相应的数值计算模型,结合实验-数值法确定预制裂纹的起裂韧度和扩展韧度,结果表明:动态冲击载荷下裂纹扩展速度不是一个常数;对于隆昌青砂岩,其动态扩展韧度与裂纹扩展速度成反比关系,扩展速度越大,扩展韧度越小;材料扩展韧度不是一个独立的材料参数,而是一个与裂纹扩展速度有关的参数。

中低速冲击载荷作用下SCT岩石试样Ⅰ型裂纹的动态扩展行为

为研究侧开单裂纹三角形(SCT)岩石试样的动态扩展行为和断裂韧度,采用落锤冲击实验系统进行动态加载,通过裂纹扩展计(CPG)得到裂纹的断裂时间和扩展速度;用有限差分软件AUTODYN进行数值模拟,验证实验结果的可靠性;将实验测量的载荷条件代入有限元软件ABAQUS建立的数值模型中,得到动态应力强度因子时程曲线,通过普适函数修正后,利用断裂时间得到动态断裂韧度。研究结果表明:SCT试件构型能够较好地应用于岩石动态扩展行为的研究;砂岩的扩展韧度与裂纹扩展速度呈负相关;数值模拟得到的裂纹扩展路径与实验结果基本一致,裂纹扩展速度不为常数;岩石裂纹动态扩展过程中可能存在止裂现象,止裂韧度大于扩展韧度,但与起裂韧度相差不大。

冲击加载下的砂岩动态断裂全过程的实验和分析

采用圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘（HSCFBD）新型试样在直径为100 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆上进行径向冲击加载,完成I型动态断裂实验,首次研究了砂岩的动态断裂全过程。实验表明,在低加载气压（0.16-0.17 MPa）驱动炮弹条件下,炮弹撞击速度为3.7-4.4 m/s,检测到试样的破裂历经裂纹的动态起裂、扩展和止裂3个阶段,止裂后到第2次起裂开始,裂纹停滞较长一段时间。采用裂纹扩展计测得裂纹起裂、扩展和止裂完整过程的瞬时时间,以此确定试样的动态起裂时刻、裂纹扩展速度和止裂时刻,并运用实验-数值-解析法分别得到砂岩的动态起裂韧度、扩展韧度和止裂韧度。从微观角度分析了动态起裂韧度和起裂时间的加载率效应。最后,初步讨论了试样内应力波反射对止裂的影响。

Effect of loading rate on fracture behaviors of shale under mode I loading

In this study,the effect of loading rate on shale fracture behaviors was investigated under dynamic and static loading conditions.Cracked straight through Brazilian disc(CSTBD)shale specimens were tested with a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)setup and INSTRON1346 servo-testing machine under pure mode I loading conditions.During the test,the crack propagation process was recorded by high-speed(HS)camera,and the acoustic emission(AE)signal generated by the fracture was collected by acoustic emission(AE)system.At the same time,crack propagation gauge(CPG)was used to measure the crack propagation velocity of the specimen.The results show that the crack propagation velocity and fracture toughness of shale have a positive correlation with the loading rate.The relationship among the crack propagation velocity,the fracture toughness and the loading rate is established under the static loading condition.In addition,the characteristics of AE signals with different loading rates are analyzed.It is found that the AE signals generated by microcrack growth decrease with the increase of loading rates.Meanwhile,the turning point of cumulative counting moves forward as the loading rate increases,which shows that the AE signal generated by shale fracture at low loading rate mainly comes from the initiation and propagation of microcracks,while at high loading rate it mainly comes from the formation of macro large-scale cracks.The fracture mechanism that causes shale fracture toughness and crack propagation velocity to vary with loading rate is also discussed based on the analysis results of AE signals.

Effect of loading rate on fracture characteristics of rock

The three-point bending experiments were applied to investigating effects of loading rates on fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone. The fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone was measured over a wide range of loading rates from 9 × 10-4 to 1.537 MPa.m1/2/s. According to the approximate relationship between static and dynamic fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone, relationship between the growth velocity of crack and dynamic fracture toughness was obtained. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. （1） When the loading rate is higher than 0.027 MPa-ml/2/s, the fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone increases markedly with increasing loading rate. However, when loading rate is lower than 0.027 MPa-ml/2/s, fracture toughness slightly increases with an increase in loading rate. （2） It is found from experimental results that fracture toughness is linearly proportional to the logarithmic expression of loading rate. （3） For Huanglong limestone, when the growth velocity of crack is lower than 100 m/s, the energy release rate slightly decreases with increasing the growth velocity of crack. However, when the growth velocity of crack is higher than 1 000 m/s, the energy release rate dramatically decreases with an increase in the crack growth velocity.

Extending application of asymmetric semi-circular bend specimen to investigate mixed mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture behavior of granite

The asymmetric semi-circular bend(ASCB)specimen has been proposed to investigate the cracking behavior in different geo and construction materials and attracted the attention of researchers due to its advantages.However,there are few studies on the fracture toughness determination of rock materials.In this work,a series of fracture tests were performed with the ASCB specimens made of granite.The onset of fracture,crack initiation angle and crack propagating trajectory was analyzed in detail combined with several mixed mode fracture criteria.The influence of the crack length on the mode Ⅰ/Ⅱ fracture toughness was studied.A comparison between the fracture toughness ratios predicted by varying criteria and experimental results was conducted.The relationship between experimentally determined crack initiation angles and curves of the generalized maximum tangential stress(GMTS)criterion was obtained.The fracture process of the specimen was recorded with the high-speed camera.The shortcomings of the ASCB specimens for the fracture toughness determination of rock materials were discussed.The results may provide a reference for analysis of mixed mode I and II fracture behavior of brittle materials.

Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth analysis of 7050-T7451 alloy thick plate with different thicknesses

The strength, fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance of 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy plate with different thicknesses （35 mm and 160 ram） were investigated by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that thicker plate has lower strength and fracture toughness but higher fatigue crack growth resistance, by comparison to the thinner plate. The drop of strength is mainly attributed to grain coarsening in the thicker plate, and the increased degree of recrystallization results in the loss of Kio However, the coarsened grains in the thicker plate make cracks deflected and closure effect enhanced due to surface roughness increased. For both of plates, in the fracture surface subjected plain strain, a transition from transgranular dimpled fracture to intergranular dimpled fracture is observed during the fracture process.

用SCDC试样测试岩石动态断裂韧度的新方法

利用大直径(?100 mm)分离式霍普金森压杆对大尺寸(150 mm×80 mm)压缩单裂纹圆孔板(SCDC)试样冲击加载,采用实验–数值–解析法测定了青砂岩的I型动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度。试样的起裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度由黏贴在裂尖附近的裂纹扩展计确定,通过对比发现,裂纹扩展计的准确性和灵敏性都比黏贴在同一试样对应位置的普通应变片更好。实验–数值–解析法根据实验数据获取试样两端的加载历程,利用有限元数值计算和普适函数的半解析修正,综合考虑材料惯性效应和裂纹扩展速度对动态应力强度因子的影响,较准静态方法更适于采用大尺寸试样确定岩石动态断裂韧度。实验–数值–解析法所确定的高加载率和高裂纹扩展速度下砂岩的动态断裂韧度值分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的提高而增加。最后,通过对SCDC试样裂纹扩展路径上应变片的断裂时间分析,确定了利用SCDC试样实现动态止裂的可能性。

爆炸载荷下Ⅰ型裂纹的起裂及扩展规律研究

为了研究爆炸载荷作用下I型裂纹的断裂韧度参数及扩展规律,首次将裂纹扩展计(crack propagation gauge,CPG)和内部单裂纹圆盘(single internal crack circular disc,SICCD)试件引入到爆炸载荷下的韧度测试中。试验采用了大尺寸PMMA试件和示波器、超动态应变仪搭接的测试系统,并利用动态有限差分软件AUTODYN和有限元软件ABAQUS建立数值计算模型,通过试验–数值法得出I型裂纹的裂纹扩展速度、动态起裂韧度、扩展韧度及止裂韧度等断裂参数。试验结果表明:(1)预制裂纹在扩展过程中,扩展路径出现拐点时,会产生明显的止裂现象,当裂纹再次起裂时,速度会明显上升。(2)CPG能够更加精准地监测裂纹的扩展规律,结合试验–数值法能够很好地计算出裂纹的起裂韧度等动态参数,为爆炸试验断裂参数的获取提供了一种新型的测试方法。(3)初步的分析表明爆炸载荷下动态止裂韧度要大于动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度。

用边裂纹平台圆环试样测试岩石的Ⅰ型动态断裂韧度

用大直径(φ100 mm)分离式霍普金森压杆径向冲击边裂纹平台圆环试样,测试砂岩的Ⅰ型动态断裂韧度。使用裂纹扩展计(crack propagation gauge,CPG)测定试样起裂时刻和裂纹扩展速度,结果表明裂纹扩展计测定比传统电阻应变片更为灵敏,测定结果更接近裂纹破坏真实情况。用实验-数值法确定了试样的动态起裂韧度,采用实验-数值法并结合普适函数进一步求得砂岩的动态扩展韧度。研究发现在一定范围内动态起裂韧度随加载率的增加而增大,而动态扩展韧度随裂纹扩展速度的变大而略微增加。