Considering the epidemiological, genetic and immunological data, we can conclude that the inflammatory bowel diseases are heterogeneous disorders of multifactorial etiology in which hereditability and environment inte...Considering the epidemiological, genetic and immunological data, we can conclude that the inflammatory bowel diseases are heterogeneous disorders of multifactorial etiology in which hereditability and environment interact to produce the disease. It is probable that patients have a genetic predisposition for the development of the disease coupled with disturbances in immunoregulation. Several genes have so far been related to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. These genes are related to innate pattern recognition receptors, to epithelial barrier homeostasis and maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity, to autophagy and to lymphocyte differentiation. So far, the strongest and most replicated associations with Crohn's disease have been demonstrated with NOD2 , IL23R and ATG16L1 genes. Many genes have so far been implicated in the prognosis of Crohn's disease and many attempts have been made for classification of genetic profiles in Crohn's disease.CARD15 seems to be not only a susceptibility gene, but also a disease-modifier gene for Crohn's disease. Enriching our understanding of Crohn's disease genetics is of value, but when combining genetic data with functional data the outcome could be of major importance to clinicians.展开更多
Objective： To investigate the feasibility of posterior fixation with 3.5-mm pedicle screws in the atlantoaxial vertebrae of children. Methods： In this study, atlantoaxial vertebrae specimens were obtained from 10 ca...Objective： To investigate the feasibility of posterior fixation with 3.5-mm pedicle screws in the atlantoaxial vertebrae of children. Methods： In this study, atlantoaxial vertebrae specimens were obtained from 10 cadavers of children aged 6-8 years. We measured the height and width of the C1 pedicle and the midportion of C1 lateral mass; the width of C1 posterior arch under the vertebral artery groove and the height of the external and internal one-third of this part; the external, internal height and the superior, middle, inferior width of the C2 pedicle （transverse foramen）. Furthermore, computed tomography （CT） axial scan was performed on 20 agematched volunteers to obtain relative data of their atlantoaxial vertebrae. We measured the length and width of the C1 and C2 pedicles in the atlantoaxial cross-sectional plane. On CT workstation, we also measured the angles between the longitudinal axes of the atlantoaxial pedicles and the midsagittal plane. Results： For the cadaveric specimen group, the height and width of the C1 pedicle were （5.26±0.44） mm and （6.26±0.75） mm respectively. The height of the medial one-third of the Ct posterior arch under the vertebral artery groove was （4.07±0.24） mm. The external, internal height and superior, middle, inferior width of the C2 pedicle was （6.86±0.48） mm, （6.67±0.49） mm, （6.63 ±0.61） mm, （5.41±0.39） mm and （3.71±0.30） mm, respectively. For the volunteer group measured by CT scan, the height and width of the C1 pedicle were （5.47 ±0.34） mm and （6.63±0.54） mm respectively, while （6.59±0.51） mm and （5.13 ±0.42） mm of the C2 pedicle. The angles between the atlas, axis pedicles and the midsagittal plane were （9.60±1.32）° and （27.80±2.22）° respectively. Conclusion： It is feasible to place a 3.5-mm pedicle screw in the C1 and C2 pedicles of children aged 6-8 years old.展开更多
文摘Considering the epidemiological, genetic and immunological data, we can conclude that the inflammatory bowel diseases are heterogeneous disorders of multifactorial etiology in which hereditability and environment interact to produce the disease. It is probable that patients have a genetic predisposition for the development of the disease coupled with disturbances in immunoregulation. Several genes have so far been related to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. These genes are related to innate pattern recognition receptors, to epithelial barrier homeostasis and maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity, to autophagy and to lymphocyte differentiation. So far, the strongest and most replicated associations with Crohn's disease have been demonstrated with NOD2 , IL23R and ATG16L1 genes. Many genes have so far been implicated in the prognosis of Crohn's disease and many attempts have been made for classification of genetic profiles in Crohn's disease.CARD15 seems to be not only a susceptibility gene, but also a disease-modifier gene for Crohn's disease. Enriching our understanding of Crohn's disease genetics is of value, but when combining genetic data with functional data the outcome could be of major importance to clinicians.
文摘Objective： To investigate the feasibility of posterior fixation with 3.5-mm pedicle screws in the atlantoaxial vertebrae of children. Methods： In this study, atlantoaxial vertebrae specimens were obtained from 10 cadavers of children aged 6-8 years. We measured the height and width of the C1 pedicle and the midportion of C1 lateral mass; the width of C1 posterior arch under the vertebral artery groove and the height of the external and internal one-third of this part; the external, internal height and the superior, middle, inferior width of the C2 pedicle （transverse foramen）. Furthermore, computed tomography （CT） axial scan was performed on 20 agematched volunteers to obtain relative data of their atlantoaxial vertebrae. We measured the length and width of the C1 and C2 pedicles in the atlantoaxial cross-sectional plane. On CT workstation, we also measured the angles between the longitudinal axes of the atlantoaxial pedicles and the midsagittal plane. Results： For the cadaveric specimen group, the height and width of the C1 pedicle were （5.26±0.44） mm and （6.26±0.75） mm respectively. The height of the medial one-third of the Ct posterior arch under the vertebral artery groove was （4.07±0.24） mm. The external, internal height and superior, middle, inferior width of the C2 pedicle was （6.86±0.48） mm, （6.67±0.49） mm, （6.63 ±0.61） mm, （5.41±0.39） mm and （3.71±0.30） mm, respectively. For the volunteer group measured by CT scan, the height and width of the C1 pedicle were （5.47 ±0.34） mm and （6.63±0.54） mm respectively, while （6.59±0.51） mm and （5.13 ±0.42） mm of the C2 pedicle. The angles between the atlas, axis pedicles and the midsagittal plane were （9.60±1.32）° and （27.80±2.22）° respectively. Conclusion： It is feasible to place a 3.5-mm pedicle screw in the C1 and C2 pedicles of children aged 6-8 years old.
