Reverse osmosis （RO） is proved to be the most reliable, cost effective, and energy efficient in producing fresh water compared to other desalination technologies. It is the fastest-growing desalination technology wi...Reverse osmosis （RO） is proved to be the most reliable, cost effective, and energy efficient in producing fresh water compared to other desalination technologies. It is the fastest-growing desalination technology with a greater number of installations around the world. The economic and technical performance of a medium-capacity RO desalination plant （2,000 m^3/day） proposed to be installed in Umm Qasr city south of Basra, Iraq is analyzed using DEEP-3.2 software created by the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA）. This port city is located on the Gulf shore and does not have any fresh water resources. The analysis shows that the cost of fresh water produced by this plant is US$0.986/m^3 with a good quality of fresh water （279 ppm）, which is a reasonable price for this remote area. The analysis also shows an increase in water production cost of about 12% at increased electricity price from 0.06 to 0.1 US$/kWh, 53% when the seawater salinity increased from 35,000 to 45,000 ppm, 2.5% when the seawater temperature decreased from 33 ℃ to 20 ℃, and 0.71% when the interest rate increased from 0% to 5%. Pumping fresh water from the Basra purification plant （located 175 km north of Umm Qasr） is 22.16 times the cost and 236.7% poorer quality than the fresh water produced by the RO plant.展开更多
It is very important to optimize maintenance strategy in maintenance plan. Proper parameters play a decisive role for the optimization. In the opinion of writer, availability is a basic parameter, failure consequence ...It is very important to optimize maintenance strategy in maintenance plan. Proper parameters play a decisive role for the optimization. In the opinion of writer, availability is a basic parameter, failure consequence cost and failure characteristic are also important parameters. Maintenance strategy can be optimized on the base by means of quantitative analysis and diagram.展开更多
Rice straw is a rice by-product, which is currently mostly wasted in Vietnam, in particular in the Mekong delta. At present, the cost of straw gathering is increasing because of the increased use of combine harvesters...Rice straw is a rice by-product, which is currently mostly wasted in Vietnam, in particular in the Mekong delta. At present, the cost of straw gathering is increasing because of the increased use of combine harvesters. High labor cost and lack of labor makes manual collection unfeasible. Farmers therefore often just burn it, which causes pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions and loss of opportunities to value add. An economic and environmental evaluation and technical field testing of a straw baler with 4 ha/day capacity was therefore conducted in Long An province. During the field testing data on the gathering capacity, fuel consumption, labor requirement and other cost items were collected. The test results showed that the baling cost is US$19.0 per ton of rice straw, the pay-back period of 2. 1 years and the internal rate of return of 38%. In addition to the baling cost, the transportation cost varies from US$24 for a distance of 100 km to US$32 for 150 km. The benefits of the machine are not only economical but also include the reduction of field burning.展开更多
In mainstream economics （the neoclassical economics）, it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simp...In mainstream economics （the neoclassical economics）, it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simple efficiency increase whose source is unknown. In terms of established economics view, technology is like a ＂black box＂ that cannot be predicted. As the creator of the concept of＂creative destruction＂, Joseph Schumpeter （1883-1950） caused significant changes in terms of the view of neoclassical economics about technology. On one hand, Schumpeter created a new point of view about the concept of＂innovation＂ by using key concepts, such as ＂invention＂, ＂imitation＂, and ＂business cycles＂. Schumpeter＇s ＂creative destruction＂ concept carries out the role of a new map for the new institutional economics trend which accepts ＂technology＂ as an institution. On the other hand, if one is to understand why the ideology differs between neoclassical economics and new institutional economics, ＂transaction costs＂ should be analyzed. Since, transaction costs and creative destruction have a relationship between each other; Schumpeter and Coase＇s ideas are resembling each other. While doing this, this paper will try to discuss the question of how to accept the technology as ＂external＂ instead of ＂internal＂ limit neoclassical economics. In this process, it will primarily base the dimension on the concept of＂technology＂ developed by Schumpeter. The second station is an inquiry between Schumpeter＇s and Coase＇s ideas about technology. Although new institutional economics （NIE） and neoclassical economics can be confused, they can be seperated from each other by the way they look at technology. Because, technology is accepted as an external theme by neoclassical economics, on the contrary, NIE acceptes technology as an internal fact. One of the most important reasons why technology is internal in terms of NIE can be evaluated by ＂transaction costs＂. As a result, the author will give effort to create a critical presentation in order to readdress the viewpoint of mainstream economics about ＂technology＂.展开更多
The paper introduces automotive safety cost formula, which defines the concept of private costs, technology costs and social costs and analyzes the impact of economic externalities in individual purchase decisions on ...The paper introduces automotive safety cost formula, which defines the concept of private costs, technology costs and social costs and analyzes the impact of economic externalities in individual purchase decisions on urban traffic safety in the private costs and discusses the concept of hard and soft technology and its function to improve vehicle safety. Take people, vehicles and the environment as the main line and points out the promoting role of the relevant state departments, policy, research institutions and transportation infrastructure in the social cost for the entire transportation system security. Finally, about the security of car crash in low speed on urban roads, the paper gives some recommendations as for private costs, technology costs and social costs factor.展开更多
文摘Reverse osmosis （RO） is proved to be the most reliable, cost effective, and energy efficient in producing fresh water compared to other desalination technologies. It is the fastest-growing desalination technology with a greater number of installations around the world. The economic and technical performance of a medium-capacity RO desalination plant （2,000 m^3/day） proposed to be installed in Umm Qasr city south of Basra, Iraq is analyzed using DEEP-3.2 software created by the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA）. This port city is located on the Gulf shore and does not have any fresh water resources. The analysis shows that the cost of fresh water produced by this plant is US$0.986/m^3 with a good quality of fresh water （279 ppm）, which is a reasonable price for this remote area. The analysis also shows an increase in water production cost of about 12% at increased electricity price from 0.06 to 0.1 US$/kWh, 53% when the seawater salinity increased from 35,000 to 45,000 ppm, 2.5% when the seawater temperature decreased from 33 ℃ to 20 ℃, and 0.71% when the interest rate increased from 0% to 5%. Pumping fresh water from the Basra purification plant （located 175 km north of Umm Qasr） is 22.16 times the cost and 236.7% poorer quality than the fresh water produced by the RO plant.
文摘It is very important to optimize maintenance strategy in maintenance plan. Proper parameters play a decisive role for the optimization. In the opinion of writer, availability is a basic parameter, failure consequence cost and failure characteristic are also important parameters. Maintenance strategy can be optimized on the base by means of quantitative analysis and diagram.
文摘Rice straw is a rice by-product, which is currently mostly wasted in Vietnam, in particular in the Mekong delta. At present, the cost of straw gathering is increasing because of the increased use of combine harvesters. High labor cost and lack of labor makes manual collection unfeasible. Farmers therefore often just burn it, which causes pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions and loss of opportunities to value add. An economic and environmental evaluation and technical field testing of a straw baler with 4 ha/day capacity was therefore conducted in Long An province. During the field testing data on the gathering capacity, fuel consumption, labor requirement and other cost items were collected. The test results showed that the baling cost is US$19.0 per ton of rice straw, the pay-back period of 2. 1 years and the internal rate of return of 38%. In addition to the baling cost, the transportation cost varies from US$24 for a distance of 100 km to US$32 for 150 km. The benefits of the machine are not only economical but also include the reduction of field burning.
文摘In mainstream economics （the neoclassical economics）, it is accepted that every company that competes under the perfect competition market has the same technological equipment. So, technology is approached as a simple efficiency increase whose source is unknown. In terms of established economics view, technology is like a ＂black box＂ that cannot be predicted. As the creator of the concept of＂creative destruction＂, Joseph Schumpeter （1883-1950） caused significant changes in terms of the view of neoclassical economics about technology. On one hand, Schumpeter created a new point of view about the concept of＂innovation＂ by using key concepts, such as ＂invention＂, ＂imitation＂, and ＂business cycles＂. Schumpeter＇s ＂creative destruction＂ concept carries out the role of a new map for the new institutional economics trend which accepts ＂technology＂ as an institution. On the other hand, if one is to understand why the ideology differs between neoclassical economics and new institutional economics, ＂transaction costs＂ should be analyzed. Since, transaction costs and creative destruction have a relationship between each other; Schumpeter and Coase＇s ideas are resembling each other. While doing this, this paper will try to discuss the question of how to accept the technology as ＂external＂ instead of ＂internal＂ limit neoclassical economics. In this process, it will primarily base the dimension on the concept of＂technology＂ developed by Schumpeter. The second station is an inquiry between Schumpeter＇s and Coase＇s ideas about technology. Although new institutional economics （NIE） and neoclassical economics can be confused, they can be seperated from each other by the way they look at technology. Because, technology is accepted as an external theme by neoclassical economics, on the contrary, NIE acceptes technology as an internal fact. One of the most important reasons why technology is internal in terms of NIE can be evaluated by ＂transaction costs＂. As a result, the author will give effort to create a critical presentation in order to readdress the viewpoint of mainstream economics about ＂technology＂.
文摘The paper introduces automotive safety cost formula, which defines the concept of private costs, technology costs and social costs and analyzes the impact of economic externalities in individual purchase decisions on urban traffic safety in the private costs and discusses the concept of hard and soft technology and its function to improve vehicle safety. Take people, vehicles and the environment as the main line and points out the promoting role of the relevant state departments, policy, research institutions and transportation infrastructure in the social cost for the entire transportation system security. Finally, about the security of car crash in low speed on urban roads, the paper gives some recommendations as for private costs, technology costs and social costs factor.
