Since the second half of the 18th century,the internal contradictions in Junggar have become more and more fierce. With this,many Taiji and Zaisang officials in Junggar surrendered to the Qing Dynasty one by one,among...Since the second half of the 18th century,the internal contradictions in Junggar have become more and more fierce. With this,many Taiji and Zaisang officials in Junggar surrendered to the Qing Dynasty one by one,among was the zaisang Saral. There are no other records except that Sarale was a subject of Dasidawa before his surrender to the Qing Dynasty. This article further clarifies his birth date,the reasons for the surrender,the contributions made to the Qing Dynasty’s ruling of Xinjiang,and the position of the Qing Dynasty.展开更多
China, as the biggest GHG emitter and the largest developing country, has been urged by international society to take responsibilities for reducing GHG, especially in the post-Kyoto commitment period. Currently, the U...China, as the biggest GHG emitter and the largest developing country, has been urged by international society to take responsibilities for reducing GHG, especially in the post-Kyoto commitment period. Currently, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change （UNFCCC） assigns the responsibility to parties who produce the pollution, using the production-based GHG emissions inventories. In this article, we analyze the difference between China＇s production- and consumption- based emission inventories and conclude that consumption-based GHG emission inventories are preferred; as it is fair that whoever consumes the emission should pay for their consumption. In addition, in order to consider environmental justice, policy-makers should take both economic and administrative measures to support poor provinces for reducing C02 emissions.展开更多
文摘Since the second half of the 18th century,the internal contradictions in Junggar have become more and more fierce. With this,many Taiji and Zaisang officials in Junggar surrendered to the Qing Dynasty one by one,among was the zaisang Saral. There are no other records except that Sarale was a subject of Dasidawa before his surrender to the Qing Dynasty. This article further clarifies his birth date,the reasons for the surrender,the contributions made to the Qing Dynasty’s ruling of Xinjiang,and the position of the Qing Dynasty.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2012CB955904)National Natural Science Foundation(No.40905062)
文摘China, as the biggest GHG emitter and the largest developing country, has been urged by international society to take responsibilities for reducing GHG, especially in the post-Kyoto commitment period. Currently, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change （UNFCCC） assigns the responsibility to parties who produce the pollution, using the production-based GHG emissions inventories. In this article, we analyze the difference between China＇s production- and consumption- based emission inventories and conclude that consumption-based GHG emission inventories are preferred; as it is fair that whoever consumes the emission should pay for their consumption. In addition, in order to consider environmental justice, policy-makers should take both economic and administrative measures to support poor provinces for reducing C02 emissions.
