蜂胶及其疫苗的研究进展

蜂胶是一种具有较强粘性的同体状、棕黑色、有芳香气味的物质，是蜜蜂从树木的新生枝芽处采集胶状物。经过蜜蜂混入其上颚腺、蜡腺分泌物反复加工而成的胶状物质，作为一种纯天然的广谱抗生素，蜂胶具有的高强度和粘度、杀菌防腐能力都是其他天然品无法比拟的，它是天然药材、辅料及兽医药、植物，肉食品加工、食品防腐保鲜的好材料。

Effect of chlorogenic acid on antioxidant activity of Flos Lonicerae extracts

Flos Lonicerae is a medically useful traditional Chinese medicine herb. However, little is known about the antioxidant properties of Flos Lonicerae extracts. Here the antioxidant capacity of water, methanolic and ethanolic extracts prepared from Flos Lonicerae to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ is examined. Chlorogenic acid, a major component of Flos Lonicerae, is identified and further purified from 70% ethanolic extract with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and its antioxidant capacity is characterized. The total phenolic compounds and chlorogenic acid con-tents in Flos Lonicerae are determined. The present results demonstrate that the Flos Lonicerae extracts exhibit antioxidant ac-tivity and chlorogenic acid is a major contributor to this activity.

High doses of α-galactosylceramide potentiate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by directly enhancing Th17 response

α-Galactosylceramide （u-GC） is widely known to activate invariant natural killer T （iNKT） cells to suppress my- elin antigen-specific Thl responses, protecting susceptible mice against experimental antoimmune encephalomyelitis 0EAE）. Here, we demonstrate an unexpected finding that high doses of α-GC exacerbated, rather than ameliorated, EAE. Similar results were observed when MOG35.ss-specific T cells treated with high-dose α-GC were transferred into naive syngeneic recipient mice. Further study showed that high doses of a-GC directly enhance the Thl7 and Thl re- sponse by activation of CD4＋CD44＋ memory T cells through phosphorylation of STAT3 and activation of NF-kB. Un- like the activation of iNKT cells by low doses of a-GC, high doses of a-GC directly interacted with CDld expressed on T ceils and activated Thl7 and Thl cells. Furthermore, antigen-presenting cells （APCs） predominantly express CDldl, whereas the majority of CD4~ T cells express CDld2. Knockdown of CDldl or CDld2 gene expression by RNAi interfered with the activation of iNKT or Thl7/Thl cells, respectively. Therefore, α-GC treatment could im- prove or worsen EAE by engaging either APCs or Thl7/Thl cells depending on the dose used.

Anticoagulation early after mechanical heart valve replacement

Objective： To explore the changes of coagulation activity and the characters of anticoagulation early after mechanical heart valve replacement. Methods： All patients only took warfarin orally for anticoagulation. The predicted international normalized ratio （INR） was 1.5 to 2.0. Several coagulation markers were monitored early after valve replacement. Complications associated with anticoagulation were recorded and analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups based on the number and position of mechanical valve prothesis, including group M （mitral valve replacement）, group A （aortic valve replacement） and group D （mitral and aortic valve replacement）.Comparison was made between the three groups. Results： Three events of mild cerebral embolism and five events of mild bleeding occurred during the early postoperative period. One patient suffered from mild cerebral embolism on the 4th day after operation, accompanied by large volume of pericardial drainage. Two patients with bleeding had lower INRs than predicted range. However, INR in one patient with mild cerebral embolism was in the predicted range. There was no significant difference in thrombo time （TT）, activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT） and 1NR on the 3rd day after operation compared to those before operation; meanwhile, plasma fibrinogen （FIB） concentration was higher than that before operation （P〈0.05）. 1NR had no significant changes on the 2nd day after the beginning of anticoagulation compared to that before operation; however, 1NR was significantly elevated on the 4th day （P〈0.05）. Warfarin doses and INRs were similar among the three groups, but FIB concentrations in plasma were higher in groups M and D than in group A （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Hypercoagulabale state exists early after mechanical heart valve replacement. When anticoagulation begins is determined by the change of coagulation markers, not by the volume of chest or pericardial drainage. INR can not accurately reflect the coagulation state sometimes, especially during the first 3 days after anticoagulation. The number and position of mechanical valve prothesis could affect coagulation state. Therefore, anticoagulation therapy should be regulated accordingly.

Surface properties of activated carbon from different raw materials

Activated carbons （ACs） with different surface properties were prepared from different raw materials. N2 adsorption, pH value, Boehm titration, Temperature-programmed reduction （TPR） and FTIR were employed to characterize the pore structure and surface chemical properties of the ACs. The results show that AC from bituminous coal （AC-B） has more meso-pores, higher pH value, more carboxylic groups and basic site than ACs from coconut shell and hawthorn（AC-C, AC-H）. Oxygen in the mixture gas has great effect on S02 catalytic oxidation/oxidation ability of AC-B. In the absence of oxygen, the adsorbed SO2 on AC-B is 0.16 mmollg and the conversion ratio of adsorbed S02 to S03 is 22.07~; while in the presence of oxygen, the adsorbed amount of S02 is 0.42 retool/g, and all of the adsorbed S02 was totally converted to SO3. This feature of AC-B is consistent with its higher pH value, basic site and the reaction ability with H2 from TPR. The conversion ratios of S02 absorbed on both AC-C and AC-H were 100%, respectively.

Characterization and antioxidant activities of marine pepsin soluble collagen from the skin of yellow goosefish Lophius litulon

Characteristics and antioxidant activities of pepsin-soluble collagen （PSC） from yellow goosefish （Lophius litulon） skins were investigated. PSC was characterized as a type I collagen, and its imino acid content was 193 residues/1 000 residues. PSC＇s denaturation temperature was -17.56℃ and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of triple helices. Solubility analysis showed good solubility at acidic pH （1-6） or low NaCl concentrations （≤2%）. PSC showed scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, PSC could protect D-galactose-induced skin aging by significantly controlling malondialdehyde formation and improving the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and hydroxyproline. PSC may be a promising antioxidant in appropriate applications.

The Effect of Herb Feeding on Antioxidant Liver Activity

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 1.5% herb supplement of RL （rosemary leaves）, YB （yarrow blooms）, PL （plantain leaves）, OS （oreganos talks） or red GP （grape pomace） on the broiler liver antioxidant activity. Samples were analyzed by FRAP （ferric-reducing antioxidant power）, FRK （free radicals） and DPPH （2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl） methods. Oxidative stress values （metallo thionein, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and reduced/oxidized glutation ration） were measured in the blood and liver. Biochemical parameters （serum albumin, uric acid and bilirubin） were monitored in the blood. The antioxidant activity measured by the FRK method was higher in the oregano supplement （P 〈 0.05） than in plantain and rosemary supplements.

Optimization of antioxidant activity by response surface methodology in hydrolysates of jellyfish(Rhopilema esculentum) umbrella collagen

To optimize the hydrolysis conditions to prepare hydrolysates of jellyfish umbrella collagen with the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, collagen extracted from jellyfish umbrella was hydrolyzed with trypsin, and response surface methodology （RSM） was applied. The optimum conditions obtained from experiments were pH 7.75, temperature （T） 48.77 ℃, and enzyme-to-substrate ratio （[E]/[S]） 3.50%. The analysis of variance in RSM showed that pH and [E]/[S] were important factors that significantly affected the process （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01, respectively）. The hydrolysates of jellyfish umbrella collagen were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）, and three fractions （HF-1〉3000 Da, 1000 Da〈HF-2〈3000 Da, and HF-3〈1000 Da） were collected. The HF-2 fraction had the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with the highest yield compared with the other two fractions. Furthermore, HF-2 also showed the strongest Cu^2＋-chelating ability and the best tyrosinase-inhibitory activity.