慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒免疫辩证治疗的探索(二)

2.抗病毒免疫辩证治疗的策略和实施方案 2.1 抗HBV免疫辩证治疗的必要性笔者创提的抗HBV免疫辩证治疗的含义是:在抗HBV治疗之前,对患者采用现代的免疫学检查分析以及对HBV的突变区进行测序,在了解免疫应答和病毒变异的基础上进行免疫辩证分型。

HLA-DP基因多态性与HCV患者抗病毒治疗免疫应答的相关性分析

目的:研究HLA-DP基因多态性与丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)患者抗病毒治疗免疫应答的相关性。方法:选取2013年5月-2017年8月于我院就诊的HCV汉族患者106例,所有患者均接受为期48周的聚乙二醇化干扰素α(PEG IFNα)+利巴韦林(RBV)联合治疗,并于停药后接受为期24周的随访。记录其年龄、体质量、HCV-RNA基线水平等一般资料,并采用Taqman-MGB荧光探针实时定量聚合酶链反应法检测其HLA-DP基因rs3077、rs2395309位点的分型。根据治疗结局将患者分为持续病毒学应答组(SVR)和未持续病毒学应答组(N-SVR),采用Logistic回归模型对影响HCV患者抗病毒治疗免疫应答的相关因素(性别、年龄、体质量指数、HCV-RNA基线水平以及基因多态性)进行单因素和多因素分析。结果:106例患者中,rs3077位点CC、CT、TT型频率分别为40.6%、35.8%、23.6%,rs2395309位点GG、GA、AA型频率分别为50.0%、39.6%、10.4%,均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡(P>0.05)。SVR组患者80例,N-SVR组患者26例;SVR组患者的年龄、rs3077位点CT、TT型以及rs2395309位点GA、AA型比例均显著低于N-SVR组,rs3077位点CC型以及rs2395309位点GG型比例均显著高于N-SVR组(P<0.05);而两组患者的性别、体质量指数、HCV-RNA基线水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单因素、多因素分析结果显示,患者性别,体质量指数,HCV-RNA基线水平,rs3077位点CC型、rs2395309位点GG型与其抗病毒治疗免疫应答不显著相关(P>0.05),而年龄、rs3077位点CT和TT型、rs2395309位点GA和AA型与其抗病毒治疗免疫应答显著相关[比值比(OR)分别为1.135、1.766、1.283、1.218、1.103,95%置信区间(CI)分别为(1.017,1.267)、(1.007,3.100)、(1.038,1.585)、(1.011,1.467)、(1.038,1.172),P<0.05]。结论:年龄以及HLA-DP基因rs3077、rs2395309位点多态性与HCV汉族患者PEG IFNα+RBV抗病毒治疗免疫应答相关,其中低龄患者可能获得较高的抗病毒免疫应答率,而T、A突变等位基因携带者则可能获得更低的抗病毒免疫应答率。

2006年抗人类免疫缺陷病毒治疗研究新进展

高效联合抗逆转录病毒治疗（highly active antiretrovival therapy，HAART）是艾滋病的最主要治疗手段。2006年抗HIV治疗研究在诸多领域均取得了新的进展，国际艾滋病学会（International AIDS Society，IAS）和美国健康及人类服务部（Department of Health and Human Services，DHHS）。均依据新的研究成果对其艾滋病治疗指南进行了修订。以下就2006年国内外有关抗HIV治疗的最新进展综述如下。

利用药代动力学/药效动力学优化出抗人类免疫缺陷病毒治疗＂中国方案＂

艾滋病是威胁人类健康的重要公共卫生问题.尽管高效抗逆转录病毒疗法（HAART）的引入大大降低了人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染患者的发病率与病死率,但艾滋病无法治愈,患者需终生用药.因此,长期用药的安全性和有效性仍然是我们面临的重要挑战.

Interplay between hepatitis B virus and the innate immune responses:implications for new therapeutic strategies

Hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection is still a worldwide health problem;however,the current antiviral therapies for chronic hepatitis B are limited in efficacy.The outcome of HBV infection is thought to be the result of complex interactions between the HBV and the host immune system.While the role of the adaptive immune responses in the resolution of HBV infection has been well characterized,the contribution of innate immune mechanisms remains elusive until recent evidence implicates that HBV appears to activate the innate immune response and this response is important for controlling HBV infection.Here,we review our current understanding of innate immune responses to HBV infection and the multifaceted evasion by the virus and discuss the potential strategies to combat chronic HBV infection via induction and restoration of host innate antiviral responses.

Hepatitis C virus lymphotropism and peculiar immunological phenotype:Effects on natural history and antiviral therapy

Hepatitis C virus （HCV） has been recognized to be both a hepato- and lymphotropic virus. HCV lymphotropism represents an essential lap in the pathogenesis of virus-related autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders, ranging from clonal expansion of B-cells with organ-and non-organ-specific autoantibody production up to overt non-Hodgkin＇s lymphoma along a continuous step-by-step model of B-cell lymphomagenesis, where the intermediated mixed cryoglobulinemia could be considered as a stage of suppressible antigen-driven lymphoproliferation. HCV infection of lymphoid ceils could set up privileged reservoirs able to interfere with the host viral clearance efficiency and may be implicated in viral recurrence after apparently successful antiviral therapy. The HCV long-lasting extrahepatic replicative state generates an abnormal systemic immunological response, easily detectable by searching simple laboratory and clinical parameters, mainly represented by vasculitis-like skin features and hypocomplementemia.The presence or absence of this hypersensitivity pattern seems to correlate with the antiviral response and could be identified as a novel immunological cofactor. Further research is required to fully verify the real impact on therapeutic choice/regimen.

Current prophylactic strategies against hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation

Prophylactic strategies against hepatitis B virus(HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation(LT) are essential for patients with HBV-related disease.Before LT, lamivudine(LAM) was proposed to be down-graded from first-to second-line therapy.In contrast, adefovir dipivoxil(ADV) has been approved not only as first-line therapy but also as rescue therapy for patients with LAM resistance.Furthermore, combination of ADV and LAM may result in lower risk of ADV resistance than ADV monotherapy.Other new drugs such as entecavir, telbivudine and tenofovir, are probably candidates for the treatment of hepatitis-B-surface-antigen-positive patients awaiting LT.After LT, low-dose intramuscular hepatitis B immunoglobulin(HBIG), in combination with LAM, has been regarded as the most cost-effective regimen for the prevention of post-transplant HBV recurrence in recipients without pretransplant LAM resistance and rapidly accepted in many transplant centers.With the introduction of new antiviral drugs, new hepatitis B vaccine and its new adjuvants, post-transplant HBIG-free therapeutic regimens with new oral antiviral drug combinations or active HBV vaccination combined with adjuvants will be promising, particularly in those patients with low risk of HBV recurrence.

Sustained virologic response following HCV eradication in two brothers with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is a humoral immunodeficiency syndrome characterized from childhood by the absence of circulating B lymphocytes, absent or reduced levels of serum immunoglobulin and recurrent bacterial infections. For many affected patients, regular treatment with immunoglobulin is life saving. Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection acquired through contaminated blood products is widely described in this patient cohort. The natural history of HCV infection in patients with XLA tends to follow a more rapid and aggressive course compared to immunocompetent individuals. Furthermore, standard anti-viral therapy appears to be less efficacious in this patient cohort. Here we report the cases of two brothers with XLA who contracted HCV through contaminated blood products. They were treated with a six month course of Interferon alpha-2b and Ribavirin. We report a sustained virologic response five years after completing treatment.