家蚕核型多角体病毒及抗病育种

本文介绍了家蚕核型多角体病毒的发现、性状、复制机制以及对家蚕核型多角体病毒病的防治方法。不同的研究者用不同的材料研究了家蚕对NPV的抵抗性及其遗传规律,得到了不同的结果。我们的研究发现了高抗NPV的家蚕特优种质,探明了家蚕对BmNPV抗性的遗传规律。以306和NB为亲本,组配了近等基因系,筛选了与常染色体上抗NPV基因连锁的RAPD分子标记,并以NB为素材,育成了一批新种质。

抗松材线虫病马尾松种源的抗性相关基因分析

为了从转录组水平探讨抗病马尾松种源对松材线虫的响应机制。以抗病马尾松GD5种源为试验材料,普通马尾松SX1种源为对照,利用RNA-seq技术通过Illumina高通量测序平台对松材线虫诱导前后的试验材料进行转录组测序和差异基因表达分析。试验共获得65889条unigenes,平均长度为906.85 bp,其中40478条(61.43%)unigenes基于Nr、GO、COG、KEGG等多个公共数据库获得了功能注释。抗病马尾松GD5种源在接种松材线虫后差异表达基因数量为3247条,包括2308条基因表达显著上调,939条基因表达显著下调。其中有1961条(60.39%)差异表达基因被注释到GO数据库中,有504条(15.52%)差异表达基因被注释到233条pathway。普通马尾松SX1种源在松材线虫诱导过程中产生了更多的差异表达基因。两个马尾松种源富集的GO条目和pathway差异也较大。抗病马尾松GD5种源体内编码醛脱氢酶的5条基因和编码超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶体原蛋白以及细胞色素b2的基因表达均显著上调,醛脱氢酶基因不仅富集于抗坏血酸和醛酸代谢途径中,还参与β-丙氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸等氨基酸的代谢途径;参与氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢途径的6条几丁质酶基因表达均显著上调;参与单萜生物合成的短链脱氢酶/还原酶2b及参与倍半萜和三萜生物合成的长叶烯合酶基因表达均显著上调,而参与二萜类生物合成的1(10),5-格玛吖啶-4-醇合酶、萜烯合酶、α-松油醇合酶、异丙二烯合酶以及2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇合酶等表达均显著下调。抗病马尾松GD5种源对松材线虫的胁迫响应是多基因和多信号途径共同参与调控的复杂防御反应,是全局性系统性的响应模式。与抗性相关的醛脱氢酶、几丁质酶等编码基因为后期相关抗性基因的研究提供了参考。

蜂蛹病的抗病育种

关于蜜蜂蜂蛹病，大多集中在病原研究和药物防治领域。未见有人有意识地饲养带病蜂群，在不用任何药物的情况下，多个蜂种观察和筛选抗病蜂种。有关蜂蛹病病因和病症等资料，也大多雷同。我所见到的蜂蛹病与书本上描述的有许多不同。

选用抗病蜂种是养蜂的关键

笔者业余养中蜂有较长的历史,深深体会到选用抗病性能强的蜂种,是养蜂成败的关键。 过去养蜂只重视药物防治,虽然能降低危害,但有效期短,易复发,长期用药还会产生抗药性,造成用药无效,且对蜂产品污染。

大豆品种资源抗细菌斑点病鉴定与评价

从1982—1985年共鉴定品种(系)1253份,总结了适合大量材料田间人工接种鉴定和评价方法。结果表明,抗细菌斑点病的抗源材料丰富,高抗材料322份,抗病材料247份,其余为中等以上感病材料。对于田间的人工接种鉴定结果的可靠性易受年度间气候差异的影响,提出设立感病标杆品种和苗期1—2片复叶展开时进行室内人工接种鉴定。植株发病与子叶发病不呈正相关,所以在选择抗源做杂交亲本时,应选择植株与子叶均抗病的材料。

Comparative Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)Genotypes with Various Levels of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt Through SSR and AFLP Analyses

Bacterial wilt （BW） caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important constraint to peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） production in several Asian and African countries, and planting BW-resistant cultivars is the most feasible method for controlling the disease. Although several BW-resistant peanut germplasm accessions have been identified, the genetic diversity among these has not been properly investigated, which has impeded efficient utilization. In this study, the genetic relationships of 31 peanut genotypes with various levels of resistance to BW were assessed based on SSR and AFLP analyses. Twenty-nine of 78 SSR primers and 32 of 126 AFLP primer combinations employed in this study were polymorphic amongst the peanut genotypes tested. The SSR primers amplified 91 polymorphic loci in total with an average of 3.14 alleles per primer, and the AFLP primers amplified 72 polymorphic loci in total with an average of 2.25 alleles per primer. Four SSR primers （14H06, 7G02, 3A8, 16C6） and one AFLP primer （P1M62） were found to be most efficient in detecting diversity. The genetic distance between pairs of genotypes ranged from 0.12 to 0.94 with an average of 0.53 in the SSR data and from 0.06 to 0.57 with an average of 0.25 in the AFLP data. The SSR-based estimates of the genetic distance were generally larger than that based on the AFLP data. The genotypes belonging to subsp, fastigiata possessed wider diversity than that of subsp, hypogaea. The clustering of genotypes based on the SSR and AFLP data were similar but the SSR clustering was more consistent with morphological classification ofA. hypogaea. Optimum diverse genotypes of both subsp, hypogaea and subsp.fastigiata can be recommended based on this analysis for developing mapping populations and breeding for high yielding and resistant cultivars.

Resistance of Major and Backup Rice Cultivars against Ustilaginoidea virens in Anhui Province

[Objective] The aim was to study resistance of major and backup rice cul- tivars against Ustilaginoidea virens. [Method] Experiments and surveys were made on resistance of seventeen backup rice cultivars and some major cultivars in Anhui Province to identify resistance of different rice cultivars. [Result] Yanjing No.9, 80You 226, Tianxie No.l, A01 Xian, Lvjingnuo No.6 were moderate resistant; A03 Xian and Yangjing 636 were susceptible and the rest ten showed moderate susceptibility. Based on surveys on major rice cultivars, most of Liangyou rice series are suscept- able and novel Liangyou Xiang 4 enjoys resistance to certain extent. [Conclusion] The research provided references for resistance of rice against diseases in Anhui Province.

Analysis of Yield and Disease Resistance Traits of New Winter Rapeseed Varieties over the Past Twenty Years in China

Based on the results of the national regional trail for winter rapeseed in four groups,including the upper reaches,middle reaches and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Huang-Huai region in the past twenty years,new varieties of winter rapeseed showed upward trend in average yield,the yield level in Huang-huai group was higher than other groups.The changes of average effective pods per plant were not significant in any group,but the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight showed increase trend.However,the increment of grains per pod in three Yangtze River groups was higher than that in Huang-Huai River group,while the increment of 1 000-grain weight was just opposite.The incidence rate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and viral disease in new varieties of winter rapeseed obviously decreased,and the incidence rate of S.sclerotiorum decreased lower than 5%.Genetic improvement for winter rapeseed should be focus on the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight in the future,and yield level of new varieties in all four groups is expected to increase.

Resistance Evaluation of Eggplant Resources to Verticillium wilt in Sichuan Province

[Objective] Aimed to lay a scientific foundation for eggplant resistant breeding, the resistant field identification of eggplant resources to Verticillium wilt was carried out. [Method] Test materials were 35 eggplant resources, which were collected from various places in Sichuan province since 2001. These eggplant resources were made resistance evaluation to Verticillium wilt by watering injured roots with Verticillium dahliae spore suspension. [Result] The eggplant resources had good resistance to Verticillium wilt. Among 35 evaluated resources, 10 resources like 242-9OP, 41-1,35-R5, etc. were resistant, while 23 resources like 68 ×47, Zizaoqie, 32-1, etc. were tolerant. Some resistant resources like 41-1,35-R5, 47-R1, etc. had been transferred into new resistant varieties like EF9910, etc. by breeding institutes. [Conclusion] The resistant level and future resistance breeding direction of eggplant resources in Sichuan were clarified by the resistance evaluation of eggplant resources so as to provide a technical guidance for eggplant resistance breeding.

Genome Analysis in Wheat Breeding for Disease Resistance

A brief review on the development of wheat germplasm with introduced powdery mildew and scab resistance from Haynaldia villosa Sch. and Leymus racemosus Lam., Roegneria ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski as well as R. kamoji C. Koch respectively was made. In the course of germplasm development, genome analysis by means of chromosome banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), molecular markers, particularly restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) coupled with aneuploid analysis was employed for the purpose of improving breeding efficiency. Potential use of such germplasm in wheat breeding practice, basic studies and some related problems were also discussed.

Intergeneric Somatic Hybrid Plants Between Citrus and Poncirus trifoliata and Evaluation of Their Root Rot Resistance

Protoplasts of Page tangelo (Citrus reticulata Blanco×C. paradisi Macf.) cell suspension culture were electrically fused with mesophyll protoplasts isolated from trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.). More than 150 plantlets regenerated after 4-5 months of culture. The regenerated plants were trifoliate with well developed root systems. Root_tip chromosome counting of more than 20 randomly selected plants revealed that they were all tetraploids (2n=4x=36). RAPD analysis of 7 randomly selected plants verified their hybridity. Inoculation of citrus Phytophthora parasitica Dastar toxin on leaves of somatic hybrids and both parental genotypes showed that Page tangelo was moderately susceptible, and trifoliate orange was highly resistant while the somatic hybrids were resistant. The potential of this somatic hybrid as rootstock is also discussed.

Research Advances in New Race Ug99 of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici

This paper reviewed the research advances of Ug99 and its resistance breeding from the aspects of its discovery, race variation, pathogenicity, distribution, spread, exploration of relative resistant genes, linked molecular marker selection and resistance breeding strategies, to provide basis for comprehensive understanding of the new Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race Ug99 and its potential threat to wheat production. Ug99 is a new Puccinia grarninis f. sp. tritici race with high variability, strong pathogenicity and rapid spread speed, which is likely to cause global damages to world wheat production. We should strengthen the exploration and utilization of new resistance genes in wheat and relative species and breeding of new wheat varieties with durable resistance, to control and prevent damages caused by Ug99 and its variants.

蜜蜂病害的综合防治方法

蜜蜂病害的防治就是要通过人为干预，依据各地不同的气候、蜜粉源条件及所饲蜂种的特性，采取相适宜的管理措施，改变蜜蜂、病原物和环境间的相互关系，控制或消灭病原物，保持或提高蜜蜂的抗病力，创造有利于蜜蜂而不利于病害的环境条件，以达到预防和控制病害的目的，把蜜蜂因病害造成的影响减少到最低程度。蜜蜂病害的防治方法，按其作用原理和应用技术可分为蜜蜂检疫、饲养管理防治法和抗病蜂种选育、生物防治法、药物防治法以及蜂场蜂种消毒等。

Resistance Evaluation of Part of Leading Rice Varieties to Rice Blast in Guangxi Province

In order to determine the resistance of leading rice varieties to rice blast in Guangxi, three natural induction rice blast nurseries were established in Cenxi, Sanjiang and Yongfu. The resistance of the 45 leading rice varieties in Guangxi to rice blast was determined under conditions of spray inoculation and natural induction at seedling stage. The results showed that resistance frequencies of the 45 leading rice varieties ranged from 8.33% to 94.44%. Among the 45 tested varieties, there were 8 varieties of which the resistance frequencies were all higher than 80%, accounting for 17.78%; there were 11 varieties of which the resistance frequencies ranged from 50% to 80%, accounting for 24.44%; the resistance frequencies of the remaining varieties were all lower than 50%, accounting for 57.78% of the total tested varieties. The twoconsecutive-year determination results showed none of the 45 leading rice varieties showed resistance to rice blast. In 2010, there were 26, 12 and 7 varieties that were moderately sensitive, sensitive and greatly sensitive to rice blast respectively, accounting for 57.78%, 26.67% and 15.56% of the total tested varieties. In 2011, there were 16, 23 and 12 varieties that were moderately sensitive, sensitive and greatly sensitive to rice blast respectively, accounting for 35.56%, 51.11% and 13.33%. The overall resistance of the 45 leading rice varieties trended to be decreased year by year. So in rice production, they should be selected properly.

蜜蜂传染病的发病机理及其预防对策

本文综述了蜜蜂传染病的发病机理及其预防意义,同时根据传染病的发生、发展规律,提出了在蜜蜂检疫、选育和饲养抗病蜂种、饲养管理、药物预防、蜂场环境、养蜂员卫生等相关方面实施综合预防对策,以达到防患于未然的目地。

Screening of Rice Stripe Virus(RSV)-resistant Germplasm from Landraces of Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen rice strip virus （RSV）-resistant landraces. [Method] The resistance of 119 rice landraces to rice stripe virus was identified in field spontaneously infected with smal plant-hopper. [Result] There were 55 landraces resistant to rice strip disease in 56 indica rice landraces, but on-ly two resistant to rice strip disease in 63 japonica rice landraces. [Conclusion] The results revealed that there were abundant rice landscapes resistant to RSV in Chi-na, and these varieties can be used to develop more genes resistant to RSV.

Mapping of a Major Stripe Rust Resistance Gene in Chinese Native Wheat Variety Chike Using Microsatellite Markers

Chike （accession number Su1900）, a Chinese native wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） variety, is resistant to the currently prevailing physiological races of Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici in China. Genetic analysis indicated that resistance to the physiological race CY32 of the pathogen in the variety was controlled by one dominant gene. In this study, BSA （bulked segregant analysis） methods and SSRs （simple sequence repeats） marker polymorphic analysis are used to map the gene. The resistant and susceptible DNA bulks were prepared from the segregating F2 population of the cross between Taichung 29, a susceptible variety as maternal parent, and Chike as paternal parent. Over 400 SSR primers were screened, and five SSR markers Xwmc44, Xgwm259, Xwmc367, Xcfa2292, and Xbarc80 on the chromosome arm 1BL were found to be polymorphic between the resistant and the susceptible DNA bulks as well as their parents. Genetic linkage was tested on segregating F2 population with 200 plants, including 140 resistant and 60 susceptible plants. All the five SSR markers were linked to the stripe rust resistance gene in Chike. The genetic distances for the markers Xwmc44, Xgwm259, Xwmc367, Xcfa2292, and Xbarc80 to the target gene were 8.3 cM, 9.1 cM, 17.2 cM, 20.6 cM, and 31.6 cM, respectively. Analysis using 21 nulli-tetrasomic Chinese Spring lines further confirmed that all the five markers were located on chromosome lB. On the basis of the above results, it is reasonable to assume that the major stripe rust resistance gene YrChk in Chike was located on the chromosome arm 1BL, and its comparison with the other stripe rust resistance genes located on 1B suggested that YrChk may be a novel gene that provides the resistance against stripe rust in Chike. Exploration and utilization of resources of disease resistance genes in native wheat varieties will be helpful both to diversify the resistance genes and to amend the situation of resistance gene simplification in the commercial wheat cultivars in China.

Setting up the Model of Xeno-graft Verse Host Disease

Objective: To observe human to mouse one way mixed lymphocyte(MLC); And to set up the xeno-grats verse host disease Xeno-graft host disease(XGVHD) model,probing its immunologic mechamism.Methods: Mouse splenic lymphocyte were collected in asepsis and treated by mitomycin as activating cell. Human Peripheral blood lymphocytes (hPBL)were separated and gathered as reacting cell; Mouse splenic lymphocyte and hPBL were mixed to incubate for a week. Destroying recipient (mouse) immune system by total body irradiation (TBI) and intraperitoneal injecting CTX、MTX; Separating and collecting hPBL; Injecting hPBL to mouse by caudal vein. Results; ①HPBL in the experiment groups(mixed mouse lymphocyte) proliferated obviously, the amount of 3H-TdR in corporation increased evidently(P<0.05); The mean percentage of CD 4、CD 8、IgG 、IgM positive cells rose markedly. ②Experiment groups,the hPBL were found in the spleen and kidney tissue, fas protein expressing, we occasionally discovered and apoptosis cells.Conclusion: The human to mouse one-way MLC has obvious lymphocyte proliferation. By these means,we succeed in inducing XGVHD and setting up a XGVHD model.