水稻稻瘟病拮抗细菌的筛选与防治初探

从水稻作物根际分离筛选得到的 2 0 8个细菌菌株对稻瘟病病菌具有较强的抑制能力 ;抑菌圈直径在 2 0mm以上的有 65株。选用室内拮抗性较稳定的 8株细菌菌株经两年的田间防病试验 ,不同菌株间防效差异显著 ,其中两年防效较好的菌株是Ma 3 2 (蜡状芽孢杆菌 )和Xi 55(枯草芽孢杆菌 )。一些菌株处理种子对秧苗生长有促进作用。

氟喹诺酮类与其它抗菌药物治疗淋病的疗效对比观察

本文对133例单纯性淋病患者用氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、壮观霉素和青霉素G进行疗效对比观察。结果其治愈率分别为100％、100％、96.8％和94.6％,经统计学处理无显著性差异。对所用的四种药物用琼脂双倍稀释法对96株淋球菌进行了体外抗菌活性测定。结果氧氟沙星和环丙沙星耐药率为0,壮观霉素耐药率为6.3％,青霉素耐药率为24.0％,经统计学处理有显著性差异。用Nitrocefin法对96株淋球菌进行了β-内酰胺酶测定,其产青霉素酶淋球菌(PPNG)阳性率为3.1％。

一株家蚕病原物拮抗细菌的分离与鉴定

从泰山土壤中分离获得 1株对多种家蚕病原细菌和真菌具有强烈拮抗作用的细菌。经培养特征观察、生理生化指标测定、DNAG +Cmo1%值测定、16SrDNA碱基序列测定和同源性分析 ,鉴定该菌株属于类芽孢杆菌 ,定名为PaenibacillusCp-S316。该菌株已在GeneBank注册 ,注册号为AY2 92 989。初步研究发现 ,该菌株对家蚕生长发育无不良影响 ,发酵性状优异 ,抗菌物质耐高温 ,对盐酸和硫酸稳定 ,易于提取分离 ,具有一定开发价值。

连花清瘟胶囊/颗粒：广谱抗病毒、天然抗菌病

连花清瘟胶囊（颗粒）是在汲取历代治疗感冒、流感等传染病用药精华的基础上，结合现代药理学进展的创新药物。具有广谱抗病毒、天然抗菌药的作用，是国家医保品种，荣获2011年度国家科技进步二等奖，是卫生部发布的《流行性感冒诊断与治疗指南（2011版）》、《人感染甲型H1N1流感诊疗方案（2009版）》、《人禽流感诊疗方案（2008版修订版）》推荐用药，被国家中医药管理局列入《2012年乙型流感中医药防治方案》推荐用药，是我国应对传染性公共卫生事件的代表药物。为了深入了解此药，记者特别采访了河北医科大学中医药研究院郭双庚教授。

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过联用血液灌流治疗终末期肾病合并抗菌药脑病56例

目的:观察终末期肾病(ESRD)并发抗菌药脑病患者进行单纯连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)联合血液灌流(HP)治疗效果。方法:选择ESRD合并抗菌药物脑病患者56例,分为对照组26例,治疗组30例。对照组患者采用单纯CVVH治疗,治疗组在进行CVVH治疗同时联合HP治疗,观察两组治疗效果。结果:治疗7d后对照组临床症状缓解率65.4%,治疗组93%,两组比较差异有统计学意义;治疗7d后治疗组降钙素原、APACHEⅡ评分明显低于对照组,有统计学差异。结论:CVVH联用HP是救治ESRD合并抗菌药脑病患者的一种有效手段。

抗菌药物相关性脑病患者1例的临床用药分析

抗菌药物的临床应用非常广泛,在治疗感染性疾病中起着不可替代的作用。但随着抗菌药物使用量不断增加,近年来关于抗菌药物相关性脑病的报道也逐渐增多,因此正确认识和处理抗菌药物相关性脑病显得非常重要。抗菌药物相关性脑病是指在抗菌药物的使用过程中由于抗菌药物的直接神经毒性或与联用药物之间的相互作用诱发的大脑功能障碍,从而出现一系列神经精神症状的综合征。临床上通常轻者表现为反应迟钝、兴奋、多语、头晕及幻觉,重者表现为癫痫、精神病发作、昏迷、嗜睡、躁狂、抽搐、腱反射亢进及肢体震颤等[1]。

人工合成抗菌药——氟喹诺酮类

随着中国畜牧业的发展,中国兽药生产取得了长足进步,但在基础研究领域、自主知识产权方面与发达国家相比还相差甚远。作者从“发展简史、作用机制、抗菌活性与抗菌谱、药动力学特征、药效的药动学预测、临床应用、不良反应、注意事项”方面论述了人工合成氟喹诺酮类与磺胺类的兽医化学理论。

小麦抗镰刀菌病、特别禾谷镰刀菌病的育种

130多个小麦抗源在人工接种的条件下试验，选出7个基因型用不完全双列互交的设计方案，抗源在抗性水平上有显著的不同，范围从0．65－3．89（等级0－5）。抗性水平的改善除F1×F1外，与他们的亲本比较在F1代几个组合中也获得了改善。看到基因累加效应（即微效基因效应）和不完全显性，发现最高抗性水平在F1代和F1×F1复交组合中含有Bizel和Poncheau的基因型。

22例尿毒症患者抗菌药物引起的脑病临床分析

目的探讨尿毒症血液透析患者精神神经症状与抗菌药物使用的关系。方法对22例维持性血液透析尿毒症合并感染应用抗菌药物后出现精神神经症状患者进行尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、血糖(BS)、血钠(Na)、血钙(Ca)、血气分析以及头颅CT/MRI等检查,并对其临床资料进行分析总结,同时给予停药、透析以及血液灌流治疗,观察其治疗效果。结果 22例尿毒症血液透析患者BS、Na、Ca、血气分析以及头颅CT/MRI等检查结果均正常,BUN、Cr与发病前比较无明显差异,排除了高血糖、低血糖、低钠血症、低钙血症及严重酸碱平衡紊乱、尿毒症脑病、病毒性脑炎等所致的精神神经症状。抗菌药物使用当中常规剂量头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星发生精神神经症状较其他抗菌药物多见。及时诊断、停药、透析以及血液灌流治疗,预后良好。结论尿毒症血液透析患者精神神经症状与不恰当使用抗菌药物有关,根据药物的清除速率调整抗菌药物用量以及恰当选择抗菌药物类型是预防血液透析患者抗菌药物脑病的关键。

Study on Purification and Properties of Antibacterial Substance from Antagonistic Bacteria P72 against Wheat Scab

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the antibacterial activity and stability of antagonistic bacteria P72 against wheat scab.[Method] The Bacillus subtilis P72 was inoculated into fermentation media with the inoculation amount 5%,then cultured on shaking table at 28 ℃ for 48 h and centrifuged at 8 000 r/min for 10 min.The supernatant of fermentation broth was purified and then the genetic stability,thermal stability and pH stability were detected.[Result] By DEAE-52 ion exchange chromatography,the protein eluted by 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution possessed the strongest antagonistic ability against wheat scab pathogen.The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of the purified protein with antibacterial effect was 40 kD.By stability test,the antibacterial substance produced by P72 strain showed heritable antagonistic activity,high stability below 60 ℃,stability to acid and unstability to alkali.[Conclusion] The antagonistic bacteria P72 had strong antagonistic ability to wheat scab pathogen,stable antibacterial activity and thermal stability,so it would possess a wide development prospect.

Expression of Exogenous Antimicrobial Peptide and Resistance to Stem Rot Disease of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

[Objective] This study was to identify the expression of exogenous antimicrobial peptide in transgenic Houttuynia cordata Thunb. plants,and analyze their resistance to stem rot disease. [Methods] SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis were employed to detect expression of exogenous antimicrobial peptide in transgenic H. cordata plants. Both wild type and transgenic H. cordata plants were inoculated with different concentrations of Rhizoctonia solani spores for detecting their resistance. [Results] The exogenous antimicrobial peptide was detected at translation level. The optimal parameters for detecting the resistance of transgenic H. cordata plants to R. solani was inoculation of spores at a concentration of 3×105 ind./ml and cultured for three days. The results showed that resistance of transgenic H. cordata plants to R. solani was enhanced in comparison with CKs. [Conclusion] Expression of exogenous antimicrobial peptide can enhance the resistance of transgenic H. cordata plants to stem rot disease.

Antagonistical Mode of Pichia membranefaciens to Rhizopus stolonifer in Wounds of Peach Fruit

膜醭毕赤酵母 (PichiamembranefaciensHansen)是本实验室从果实上分离获得的一种能有效防治桃果实采后软腐病的拮抗菌。本文将P .membranefaciens与葡枝根霉 (Rhizopusstolonifer)在桃果实伤口部位共培养 2 4h后 ,用扫描电子显微镜观测了它们的拮抗作用。结果表明 ,在有病原菌的地方聚集了大量的酵母拮抗菌 ,而且拮抗菌紧密地吸附在病原菌的菌丝体上。结合以前的研究结果可以推断 ,P .membranefaciens主要通过与病原菌进行营养和空间的竞争 ,紧密地吸附在病原菌菌丝体上分泌能降解病原菌细胞壁的水解酶 (如几丁质酶和 β_1,3_葡聚糖酶 ) ,并可能诱导寄主产生抗性 ,从而抑制桃软腐病的发生。

Screening for Siderophore-producing Endophytic Bacteria against Fusarium oxysporum

[Objective] With a strain of endophytic antagonistic bacteria with good disease control efficacy in pot as trial material,the paper was to explore the antagonistic mechanism of siderophore against Fusarium oxysporum.[Method] Whether the strain produced siderophore and its fluorescent property was judged by MSA（Modified Sugar-Aspartic acid） plate.The siderophore activity of strains in liquid MSA medium was determined through the absorbance values at particular wavelength.The inhibition effects of it siderophore against F.oxysporum under different concentrations of Fe3＋ were compared.Then the strain was preliminarily identified based on morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics [Result] The fluorescent siderophore produced by the endophytic bacteria in MSA medium had a strong inhibition effect against F.oxysporum.With the increasing concentration of Fe3＋,the inhibition effect against the pathogen weakened.The preliminary analysis showed these strains belonged to Bacillus.[Conclusion] Bacillus could compete the absorption of Fe3＋ by secreting siderophore to inhibit the growth of F.oxysporum.

Screening and Identification of Antagonistic Bacteria against Soil-borne Diseases of Tomato

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen resources for biological control of soil-borne diseases of tomato. [Method] Antagonistic bacteria against Ral- stonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated and purified from soil samples by dilution plating and confronting incubation on PDA plates, then the antibacterial spectrum and metabolic secretions of the bacterial isolates were measured, and their species were identified by establishing phylogenetic trees with Neighbor-Joining method. [Result] From the 60 soil samples, 10 of 59 antagonistic bacteria isolates against R. solanacearum showed inhibition zone diameter 〉 25 mm, and 4 of 30 strains against F. oxysporum exhibited inhibition rate 〉 30%. The bacteriostatic substances and antibacterial spectrum analysis on above 14 isolates revealed that four strains N23-2, N58-2, NF59-3 and NF61-1 had good antago- nism against pathogenic bacteria and fungi; 12 strains produced cellulose, 11 strains produced proteases, and 6 strains produced siderophores. The molecular identification experiments indicated that four strains were members of Paenibacillus, three strains of Streptomyces, three strains of Pseudomonas strains, and four strains of Bacillus strains.

Pathogen_resistant Transgenic Plant of Brassica pekinensis by Transfering Antibacterial Peptide Gene and Its Genetic Stability

The soft rot infected by pathogenic bacterium Erwinia aroideae Holland is one of the three serious diseases of Chinese cabbage ( Brassica pekinensis Rupr.). By constructing vector system of high frequency transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tunefaciens EHA105, anti-bacterial peptide gene with strong bactericidal action to pathogenic bacteria was introduced into Chinese cabbage AB-81 self-bred line and the transgenic plants were obtained. PCR and Southern blotting detection showed that target gene was integrated into plant genome of Chinese cabbage. The tests of bacteriostasis action of the extract from transgenic plants in vitro, and the assay of disease-resistant of transgenic plantlets in the tube and the pot by perfusing inoculation with pathogenic bacteria showed obvious resistance to soft rot. This resistance can be a stable heredity by genetic analysis of generations of transgenic plants self-bred, separation ratio of its R, was 3:1. The resistance to Km and disease of soft rot was still kept in the R-5. These results indicated the possibility of breeding new varieties of anti-soft rot Chinese cabbage by transgenic plants as parents.

Inhibitive Activity of the Extracts of Plants in Artemisia against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Fusarium momiliforme

[Objective]The aim was to provide theoretical basis for the control of cotton Fusarium wilt and cotton boll rot disease.[Method]The inhibitory activity of the extracts from three species of plants(Artemisia annual L.,Artemisia capillaris Thunb.,Artemisia argyi Levl.et Vant)against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum and Fusarium moniliforme were studied under the condition of laboratory.[Result]The extracts of all the three plants in Artemisia showed strong antifungal activity against the tested pathogenic ...

Analysis of Quantitative Trait Loci for Pathogenic Strain Pi-1 of Resistance to Rice False Smut in Rice(Oryza sativa)

In order to identify the resistant gene of rice false smut in rice, a recombi- nant inbred line （RILs） population with 157 lines derived from an inter-subspecies cross of Daguandao/IR28 by the single seed descent method was used to detect quantitative trait loci （QTLs） conferring resistance to strain Pi-1 of rice false smut caused by Usti/aginoiclea virens （Cooke） Takahashi in 2012 and 2013. The disease rate indexes of the two parents and 157 RILs caused by the strain Pi-1 of rice false smut were scored and the QTLs for rice false smut resistance were detected accordingly by QTL Cartographer software. Seven QTLs controlling false smut re- sistance were detected on chromosomes 2, 7, 8, 11 and 12, respectively, with the phenotypic variance of 8.5%-17.2%. There were four QTLs detected in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and only one QTL was found in both two years, the phenotypic variation explained by this individual QTL was 13.5% and 17.2%, and the additive effects of this QTL contributed to the 9.9% and 14.3% decrease of disease index and therefore the disease resistance increased. The direction of the additive effects at five loci qFsr2a, qFsr8a, qFsr8b, qFsr11 and qFsr12 coincided with that predicted by phenotypes of the parents, and the IR28 alleles at these loci had positive effect against rice false smut while the negative effects were found in Daguandao alleles at qFsr2b and qFsr7. The qFsr11 should be useful in rice breeding for resistance to rice false smut in marker-assisted selection （MAS） program.

Purification and Antimicrobial Assay of an Antimicrobial Protein from a Biocontrol Bacterium Strain K2-1 against Aquatic Pathogens

[Objective] The aim of this study was to purify an antimicrobial protein from a biocontrol bacterium strain K2-1 and analyze its antimicrobial activity in vitro against some typical aquatic pathogens. [Method] The antimicrobial protein was ob- tained by using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex chromatography combined with hot water bath. The antimicrobial assay was conducted by means of agar diffusion technique, using Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas. Sobria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, Vibrio har- veyi and Vibrio anguillarum as test bacteria. [Result] Antimicrobial protein APK2 can be derived from fermentation broth of strain K2-1 and purified to the chromatogra- phy pure level by the methods provided, the final yield of the antimicrobial compo- nent is approximately 0.08%. This antimicrobial protein had a strong antimicrobial activity against the growth of most those bacteria. [Conclusion] The results show that APK2 could be a potential alternative to replace chemical antimicrobial agent in the control and prevention of aquatic diseases.

Research Advances in New Race Ug99 of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici

This paper reviewed the research advances of Ug99 and its resistance breeding from the aspects of its discovery, race variation, pathogenicity, distribution, spread, exploration of relative resistant genes, linked molecular marker selection and resistance breeding strategies, to provide basis for comprehensive understanding of the new Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race Ug99 and its potential threat to wheat production. Ug99 is a new Puccinia grarninis f. sp. tritici race with high variability, strong pathogenicity and rapid spread speed, which is likely to cause global damages to world wheat production. We should strengthen the exploration and utilization of new resistance genes in wheat and relative species and breeding of new wheat varieties with durable resistance, to control and prevent damages caused by Ug99 and its variants.