天智颗粒联合西药治疗血管性认知功能障碍57例

目的:天智颗粒联合西药治疗血管性认知功能障碍的临床疗效。方法:将107例我科室住院的血管性认知功能障碍患者按随机数字表法随机分为两组。对照组50例给予阿斯匹林肠溶片0.1 g,1 d 1次,口服;阿托伐他汀钙片20 mg,每晚1次,口服。治疗组57例在对照组治疗基础上加服天智颗粒(天麻、钩藤、石决明、杜仲、桑寄生、茯神、首乌藤、槐花、栀子、黄芩、川牛膝、益母草等),1次5 g,1 d 3次;盐酸多奈哌齐片,1次5 mg,1 d 1次,晚间口服。两组均以8周为1个疗程,共治疗1个疗程。结果:治疗组显效10例,有效39例,无效8例,有效率占86.1%;对照组显效5例,有效25例,无效20例,有效率占60.0%。两组对比,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:天智颗粒联合西药治疗血管性认知功能障碍,疗效显著。

Enzyme responses and lipid peroxidation in gills and hepatopancreas of clam Mactra vereformis, following cadmium exposure

To assess the toxicity of heavy metal pollution to marine intertidal shellfish, enzymatic responses and lipid peroxidation were investigated in the clam Mactra vereformis exposed to cadmium under laboratory conditions. Three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, GPx), two immune defense enzymes (acid phosphatase, ACP; alkaline phosphatase, ALP), and one lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde, MDA) were measured in the gills and the hepatopancreas of the clam exposed to 0, 25, 75, and 125 μg/L cadmium for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 d. The results show that the concentrations of antioxidant enzymes in the organs soared to a peak value on the first day and then decreased afterwards in most cases. CAT and GPx activities in the hepatopancreas were higher than in the gills, but the SOD activity was lower in the hepatopancreas. ACP activity was unchanged until Day 3 in the hepatopancreas and until Day 5 in gills, when it began to increase. ALP activity showed no significant relationship with Cd treatment. MDA concentrations increased in the two tissues after Cd exposure, peaked on Day 3 in gills, and on Day 5 in hepatopancreas. These observations show that changes in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and ACP reflect the time course of oxidative stress in the clam caused by Cd, and could be used as potential biomarkers for ecotoxicological bioassays of heavy metals.

Effects of chilled storage and cryopreservation on sperm characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus

The present study evaluated the ef fects of chilled storage and cryopreservation on sperm motion characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in the Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus. Sperm motility and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), glutathione peroxidase(GPx), glutathione reductase(Gr), and lipid peroxidation(measured via malondialdehyde(MDA) content) were determined after the milt was stored at 4°C for 12 h, cryopreserved without cryoprotectant in 12% propylene glycol(PG), cryopreserved in 12% PG+0.1 mol/L trehalose, or cryopreserved in 12% PG spermatozoa but centrifuged to decant the supernatant prior to cryopreservation(only sperm cells were cryopreserved). After chilled storage or cryopreservation, the SOD, CAT and GPx activities were reduced in sperm cells and increased in seminal plasma in almost all treatments; sperm motility parameters were also decreased. However, the addition of trehalose into the cryoprotectant could signifi cantly improve the postthaw sperm quality as revealed by the sperm average path velocity. This improvement might be attributed to the function of trehalose in scavenging reactive oxygen species. Chilled storage and cryopreservation had signifi cant eff ects on sperm motion characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation in the Pacific cod.

Alterations of Antioxidative Enzymes Activities and Induction of Lipid Peroxidation in Germinating Wheat Seeds Subjected to Cadmium Stress

Germinating wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） seeds were exposed to CdCI2 （50, 100 and 200 μM） for 48 h and some aspects of oxidative metabolism was assessed in the embryonic tissues. The germination percentage and the soluble protein content of the embryonic tissues were found to decrease with increasing of Cd concentration. There was elevation in superoxide dismutase （SOD） and decline in catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POX） activities. The increasing of lipid peroxidation levels indicated the prevalence of oxidative stress in the tissues which was probably due to the alteration of antioxidative enzymes activities. The adding of ascorbate, along with CdCl2, has resulted in restoration of the Cd induced decline in CAT activity. Weakening in H2O2 detoxification system seems to be the principal reason behind Cd induced oxidative stress in germinating seeds. Thus, imposition of oxidative stress might be the consequence of cadmium stress and this finding may help in elucidating the mechanisms underlying cadmium mediated toxicity in germinating seeds.

The Toxic Mechanism of High Lethality of Herbicide Butachlor in Marine Flatfish Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

The toxic mechanism of herbicide butachlor to induce extremely high lethality in marine flatfish flounder, Paralichthys Olivaceus, was analyzed by histopathological examination, antioxidant enzymes activities and ATP content assay. Histopathological examination of gill, liver and kidney of exposed fishes showed that gill was a target organ of butachlor. The butachlor seriously impaired the respiration of gills by a series of lesions such as edema, lifting and detachment of lamellar epithelium, breakdown of pillar cells, and blood congestion. The dysfunction of gill respiration caused suffocation to the exposed flounder with extremely high acute lethality. Antioxidant enzyme activity assay of the in vitro cultured flounder gill （FG） ceils exposed to butachlor indicated that butachlor markedly inhibited the antioxidant enzyme activities of Superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GPX）. Furthermore, along with the decline of antioxidant enzyme activities, ATP content in the exposed FG cells decreased, too. This infers that the oxidative stress induced by butachlor can inhibit the production of cellular ATP. Similar decrease of ATP content was also observed in the exposed flounder gill tissues. Taken together, as in FG cells, butachlor possibly induced a short supply of ATP in pillar cells by inhibiting the antioxidant enzyme activities and then affecting the contractibility of the pillar cells, which in turn resulted in the blood congestion and suffocation of exposed flounder.

GST(phi) gene from Macrophyte Lemna minor is involved in cadmium exposure responses

Reactive oxygen species （ROS） scavengers, including ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, are the most commonly used biomarkers in assessing an organisms＇ response to many biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we cloned an 866 bp GST（phi） gene in Lemna minor and investigated its characteristics, expression and enzymatic activities under 75 lamol/L cadmium concentrations in comparison with other ROS scavengers. GST（phi） gene expression patterns were similar to those of other scavengers of ROS. This suggests that GST（phi） might be involved in responding to heavy metal （cadmium） stress and that its expression level could be used as a bio-indicator in monitoring cadmium pollution.

Antioxidant Defense System in Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） Seedlings under Heat Stress and Revival Conditions

The present investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of heat stress and revival on some antioxidative enzymes and metabolites in leaves of the wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） seedlings of heat susceptible （cv. WH 147 and HS 277） and heat tolerant （cv. WH 1021 and HW 2045） cultivars. Seven days old seedlings grown at 25 ℃ were exposed to 40 ℃ for 6 h and these seedlings were again brought to 25 ℃. The observations were recorded in the leaves of control, stressed and revived seedlings on 2nd and 4th day of revival. For the selection ofthermo-tolerant cultivars, screening of the thirty-six cultivars was done based on wilting of primary leaf and values of chlorophyll fluorescence. The MDA （malondialdehyde） and H2O2 concentration in leaves of wheat seedlings increased at the high temperature. There was enhancement in the activities of antioxidative enzymes, viz. CAT （catalase）, POX （peroxidase）, GR （glutathione reductase） and APX （ascorbate peroxidase） in leaves of the tolerant and susceptible cultivars under heat stress, however, higher percent increase was observed in tolerant cultivars. Heat stress increased the SOD （superoxide dismutase） activity in tolerant cultivars but activity declined in susceptible cultivars. On revival, the activities of the CAT, POX and GR declined in comparison to stressed seedlings but remained higher as compared to control. Ascorbate peroxidase activity remained higher on 2nd day and 4th day of revival in all the cultivars.

Antioxidative potential of a combined therapy of anti TNFα and Zn acetate in experimental colitis

AIM:To evaluate whether combination therapy with antitumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) antibody and Zn acetate is beneficial in dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) colitis.METHODS:Colitis was induced in CD1-Swiss mice with 5% DSS for 7 d.The experimental mice were then randomised into the following subgroups:standard diet + DSS treated (induced colitis group);standard diet + DSS + subcutaneous 25 μg anti-TNFα treated group;Zn acetate treated group + DSS + subcutaneous 25 μg anti-TNFα;standard diet + DSS + subcutaneous 6.25 μg anti-TNFα treated group and Zn acetate treated group + DSS + subcutaneous 6.25 μg anti-TNFα.Each group of mice was matched with a similar group of sham control animals.Macroscopic and histological features were scored blindly.Homogenates of the colonic mucosa were assessed for myeloperoxidase activity as a biochemical marker of inflammation and DNA adducts (8OH-dG) as a measure of oxidative damage.RESULTS:DSS produced submucosal erosions,ulcers,inflammatory cell infiltration and cryptic abscesses which were reduced in both groups of mice receiving either anti-TNFα alone or combined with zinc.The effect was more pronounced in the latter group (vs Zn diet,P < 0.02).Myeloperoxidase activity (vs controls,P < 0.02) and DNA adducts,greatly elevated in the DSS fed colitis group (vs controls,P < 0.05),were significantly reduced in the treated groups,with a more remarkable effect in the group receiving combined therapy (vs standard diet,P < 0.04).CONCLUSION:DSS induces colonic inflammation which is modulated by the administration of anti-TNFα.Combining anti-TNFα with Zn acetate offers marginal benefit in colitis severity.

Investigation of Natural Essential Oil Antioxidant Activity on Peroxidase Enzyme in Selected Vegetables

The aim of this work was to study the effect of essential oils as natural antioxidant for inhibition of peroxidase enzyme activity. Peroxidase enzyme is one of the most important enzymes in plant tissue which can bind to hydrogen peroxide and produce an activated complex that can react with a wide range of donor molecules. Therefore inactivation of the enzyme may increase the shelf life of raw and un-blanched frozen vegetables. In order to inactivate of the enzyme several physical and chemical treatments among them heating （blanching）, lowering pH or aw or adding chemical additives can be used, however each of the above mentioned methods has a kind of shortcoming. Our results indicated that crude extract of red cabbage and cabbage has the highest and potato and lettuce has the lowest peroxidase activity respectively （P〈0.05）. Although peroxidase resistance to essential oils varied among different vegetables but clove in all concentration had the best effects in decrease ofperoxidase activity （P〈0.05） whereas cumin and fennel were partially able to reduce the enzyme activity. （P〈0.05）.