试探孙思邈对小儿护养学的贡献

唐代著名医药学家孙思邈,珍视小儿,在其传世之作《备急千金要方》《千金翼方》中专门讨论儿科疾病,且有详细论述,为儿科学的发展奠定了基础.由于小儿乳食不知自节,生活不能自理,各种知识来自后天,全赖父母或保育人员照科和教育,故其护养对小儿正常生长发育。

Dynamic regimes of cemented backfill at early-age

In view of the mechanics characteristic of cemented tailings backfill(CTB)at early age,the separation Hopkinson pressure bar test device was used to explore the effects of curing age and impact energy.A total of 48 CTB samples with diameter of 50 mm and length of 25 mm were prepared with curing ages of 3,5,7 and 9 d.Impact tests under different impact energy(10,20,30 and 40 J)were carried out.The microstructure of CTB at different ages was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The results show that,the curing age mainly affects the mechanical properties and internal structure of early-age CTB.With increasing curing age,the mechanical properties of early-age CTB change from viscoelasticity to brittleness.The impact energy mainly affects the response of dynamic peak compressive strength to strain rate.Under low strain rate,the structure of CTB is broken,but still has bearing capacity,affecting the formation of later strength.It is concluded that the structural loses completely under the action of high strain rate.Therefore,the control of impact energy and the protection of curing age should be fully considered in actual production process.

Surgical treatment of three cases of Cantrell's syndrome

This ten-year retrospective study was designed to examine the morbidity and mortality of three cases of Cantrell＇s syndrome between 1998 and 2008. The three patients showed different degrees of Cantrell＇s pentalogy including abdominal ectopia cordis, thoracic-abdominal ectopia cordis and left ventricular diverticulum. Of the three, the 5-month-old boy suffering from complicated congenital heart disease with abdominal ectopia cordis received a successful single stage repair and reconstruction of the abdominal wall. The 33-week-old premature girl with thoracic-abdominal ectopia cordis underwent two stage correction of tetraology of Fallot. The 4-year-old girl underwent ectomy of left ventricular diverticulum and thoracoabdominal wall repair. Twenty-four to thirty-five months follow-up were satisfactory. We hold that two-stage repair are technically feasible for Cantrell＇s syndrome, especially for those with complex congenital heart diseases. Post-operative ventilatory support and multiple post-operative care should be prolonged. Malnutrition, infection and arrhytbmia are central problems in medical care and surgery should be considered if there was progressive heart failure or hemodynamic instability.

Study on the application Of long-term nursing insurance In community pension Of Shanghai

In twenty-first Century. the speed of population aging in China was accelerated, the growth of the disabled populationaccelerated and the demand for the existing long-term care service was challenging. It is imminent to establish a system that can meet the long-term care needs of the disabled population, As a pilot city of long-term care insurance. Shanghai has a Fund for the long-term care insurance system. To compare and analyze the related elements of raising, service content and payment, combined with the experience ol long-term nursing insurance in foreign countries, and considering its application in community pension, it has certain reference significance for the design of long-term nursing insurance system in China.

Hybridization and the species problem in conservation

Most biologists recognize the ＂species phenomenon＂ as a real pattern in nature： Biodiversity is characterized by dis- continuities between recognizable groups classified as species. Many conservation laws focus on preventing species extinction. However, species are not fixed. Discontinuities evolve gradually and sometimes disappear. Exactly how to define particular spe- cies is not always obvious. Hybridization between taxonomic species reminds us that species classification is not a perfect repre- sentation of nature. Classification is a model that is very useful, but not adequate in all cases. Conservationists often confront questions about how to apply species-based laws when hybridization confounds classification. Development of sophisticated techniques and nuanced interpretation of data in the basic study of species and speciation has exposed the need for deeper educa- tion in genetics and evolution for applied conservationists and decision makers. Here we offer a brief perspective on hybridiza- tion and the species problem in conservation. Our intended audience is conservation practitioners and decision-makers more than geneticists and evolutionary biologists. We wish to emphasize that the goals and premises of legislative classification are not identical to those of scientific classification. Sometimes legal classification is required when the best available science indicates that discrete classification is not an adequate model for the case. Establishing legal status and level of protection for hybrids and hybrid populations means choosing from a range of scientifically valid alternatives. Although we should not abandon species-based approaches to conservation, we must recognize their limitations and work to clarify the roles of science and values in ethical and legal decisions [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 206-216, 2015].