护生长如何在新技术开展中发挥应有的作用

随着医疗技术的不断提高,对临床护理工作提出了更高的要求,护理配合医疗开展新技术、新业务的工作也日趋频繁.护士长作为专科护理业务的带头人,为了确保新技术、新业务的顺利开展,就必须在琐碎的日常工作中掌握重点,发挥自己应有的作用.目前,我国绝大多数的护士长只是一个"管家婆"的角色,那么我们如何摆正自己的位置、发挥作用呢?我的几点工作思路总结如下:

植物生长调节剂碧护在青稞上的施用方法研究

高寒冷凉地区的大田作物需要将提高抗逆性、促进早熟,同时达到增产增质的适用技术用于生产。2009年青海省海西州农作物叶面制剂应用筛选中,生长调节剂碧护效果突出,2010年进一步用于青稞作物,试验表明:碧护的"一拌二喷"施用方法增产效果达到34.74%,产出比达到1∶82。

Effects of climate factors on the height increment of poplar protec-tion forest in the riverbank field

Based on the data of stand investigation and stem analysis, the effects of climate factors on the poplar protection forest increment in the riverbank field of the Dalinghe and Xiaolinghe rivers of Liaoning Province, China were studied by step-wise regression procedure and grey system theories and methods. A regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of poplar protection forest and climatic factors was developed. The order of grey relevance for the effect of climatic factors on the height increment of poplar protection forest is: light>water>heat, and it could be interpreted that the poplar increment was mainly influenced by light factor, water factor, and heat factor. This result will provide scientific basis for the in-tensive cultivation and regeneration of the poplar protection forest in riverbank field in similar regions in China.

Measurement of Water Content in Different Organs of Phyllostachys pubescens

The height growth of bamboo in 2008 and 2009 as well as the water contents of bamboo stump,leaves,straw,and rhizome in 2009 were measured at the Tianmu Mountain Nature Reserve.The results revealed that the relationship between the height growth（Pn）and growth time（t）showed S-shaped curve in the two years;the water contents of bamboo stump,leaf,straw,rhizome and bamboo shoot were 0.50-2.31,0.46-1.8,0.50-1.38,0.56-1.58 and 0.89-8.96,respectively.Among them,the water content of bamboo shoot was the highest and noticeable changed,followed by bamboo stump,leaves,rhizome and straw in order.The water contents of the underground and aboveground parts respectively were 0.34-0.62 and 0.33-0.57.

INTRANASAL DELIVERY OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR TO PROTECT THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGAINST ACUTE CEREBRAL INFARCTION

Objective To confirmed reliability and feasibility of intranasal nerve growth factor (NGF) bypassing the blood-brain barrier and its potential neuroprotective effects on acute cerebral ischemia. Methods (1) To assay NGF concentrations in different brain regions after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).Rats were randomly divided into intranasal (IN) NGF, intravenous (IV) NGF, and untreated group (n= 4). The concentra-tions of NGF of different brain regions in the three groups after MCAO were measured by ELISA. (2) To observe neuro-protective action of NGF on focal cerebral ischemic damage. Rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: IN vehicle, IN NGF, IV vehicle, IV NGF (n= 8). Treatment was initiated 30 minutes after onset of MCAO and given again 24 hours later. Three neurologic behavioral tests were performed 24 and 48 hours following onset of MCAO. Corrected infarct volumes were determined 48 hours after onset of MCAO. Results The olfactory bulb in IN NGF group obtained the highest concentration (3252 pg/g) of NGF among all regions, followed by the hippocampus. The NGF concentrations in the olfactory bulb and hippocampus in IN NGF group were markedly higher than that in IV NGF and control groups. The infarct volume in IN NGF group was markedly reduced by 38.8% compared with IN vehicle group. IN NGF group vestibulum function markedly improved compared with IN vehicle group at 24 and 48 hours after onset of MCAO (P 24 h = 0.02 and P 48 h = 0.04, respectively). Conclusion Intranasal NGF could pass through the blood-brain barrier, reach the central nervous system, reduce infarct volume, and improve neurologic function in rats following MCAO. Intranasal delivery of NGF may be a promising treat-ment for stroke.

Intravenous acid fibroblast growth factor protects intestinal mucosal cells against ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulating Bcl-2/Bax expression

AIM: To detect the effect of acid fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) on apoptosis and gene expression of bax and bcl-2 gene in rat intestine after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to explore the protective mechanisms of aFGF.METHODS: One hundred and eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham-operated control group (C)(n = 6), intestinal ischemia group (I) (n = 6), aFGF treatment group (A) (n = 48) and intestinal ischemia reperfusion group (R) (n = 48). In group I, the animals were killed after 45 min of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion, while in groups R and A, the rats sustained 45 min of SMA occlusion and were then treated with normal saline and aFGF, respectively, sustained 15 min, 30 min, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h of reperfusion, respectively. In group C, SMA was separated, but without occlusion. Apoptosis in intestinal villus was determined with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nickend labeling technique (TUNEL). Intestinal tissue samples were taken not only for detection of bax and bcl-2 gene expression by RT-PCR, but also for detection of bax and bcl 2 protein expression and distribution by immunohistochemical analysis.RESULTS: The rat survival rates in aFGF treated group were higher than group R (P＜0.05) and the improvement of intestinal histological structures was observed at 2, 6, and 12 h after the reperfusion in group A compared with group R. The apoptotic rates were (41.17±3.49)%, (42.83±5.23)% and (53.33±6.92)% at 2, 6 and 12 h after reperfusion, respectively in group A, apparently less than those of group R at matched time points (50.67±6.95, 54.17±7.86, 64.33±6.47, respectively) (P＜0.05). The bax gene transcription and translation were significantly decreased in group A vs group R, while mRNA and protein contents of Bcl-2 in group A were obviously higher than those in groupR during 2-12 h period after reperfusion.CONCLUSION: The changes in histological structure and the increment of apoptotic rate indicated that the intestinal barrier was damaged after intestinal I/R injury, whilst intravenous aFGF could alleviate apoptosis induced by ischemia and reperfusion in rat intestinal tissues, in which genes of bax and bcl-2 might play important roles.

Travel Motivation of Domestic Tourists to the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve in Northeastern China: A Comparative Study

This article seeks to develop a fuller understanding of the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists who visit the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve(CMBR) in Northeastern China. To do so, ecotourists are compared to general travelers visiting this area. A questionnaire was employed to collect data on visitor characteristics and motivations, responses to which were then analyzed via descriptive statistics, T-tests and principal component factor analysis. Results showed that 16% of the visitors to this area were classified as ecotourists, while the remainder general travelers. Five motivations displayed significant differences(P<0.05) between these two types of tourists. Three social motives – boosting self-confidence, feeling at home away from home and being together with family – and two attraction motives – indoor sports and viewing unique landscapes of the CMBR(crater lake, waterfall, gorge and hot spring) – were significantly more important for general travelers(P<0.05); while two social motives of experiencing the tranquility of the natural setting and the natural beauty of the landscape were relatively more important for ecotourists(P<0.1). Results suggest that ecotourists have distinct and complicated attraction and social motives compared to general travelers visiting the CMBR. Results have useful implications for researchers interested in tourist motivations and behavior, as well as for managers who wish to focus their marketing strategies more effectively. National Park of South Africa. Uysal et al.(1994) assessed the travel motives of Australian tourists to U.S. national parks and nature areas and formed five groupings including ‘relaxation/hobbies', ‘novelty', ‘enhancement of kinship relationship', ‘escape', and ‘prestige'. Tao et al.(2004) analyzed motivations of Asian tourists travelling to Taiwan's Taroko National Park using a self-defined approach and found that the most significant benefits sought by self-defined ecotourists are ‘learning about nature' and ‘participating in recreation activities'. Beh and Bruyere(2007) analyzed visitor motivations in three Kenyan national reserves, identifying the three most prominent kinds of tourists as escapers, learners and spiritualists. Pan and Ryan(2007) used factor analysis to reveal five motivational dimensions –‘relaxation', ‘social needs', ‘a sense of belonging', ‘mastery skills', and ‘intellectual needs' – of visitors to the Pirongia Forest Park in New Zealand. Kruger and Saayman(2010) did a comparative study on travel motivations of tourists to Kruger and Tsitsikamma National Parks in South Africa and found that common motives of tourists were ‘escape and relaxation' as well as ‘knowledge seeking', ‘nostalgia' and ‘park attributes'. Despite these efforts, on an overall basis past literature on why visitors travel to national parks and nature areas is still rather limited. In China, a number of empirical studies on tourist motivations have been conducted since the early 1990s(Chen and Miao 2006; Dong 2011; Huang et al. 2011; Jeffrey and Xie 1994; Lu 1997; Ma et al. 2013; Zhang 2012). Some studies have focused on motivations of visitors to nature reserves(Li 2007), geological parks(Chen and Qiao 2010), world heritage sites(Su et al. 2005), and seismic memorial sites(Tang 2014). However, most previous research findings on tourist motivations are not comparable, reflecting the fact that visitors to different parks have quite different motives due to the attributes of particular destinations, the geographic locations of these parks, types of available activities, marketing strategies, and the complexity of travel motives(Chen and Qiao 2010; Pan and Ryan 2007). While it is true that certain motivations were shared in varying degrees by most tourists to these places – i.e., ‘appreciating natural landscapes', ‘family and education', ‘social needs', and ‘perceived prestige of visit' – most previous research has not focused on natural settings as destinations. Thus travel motivations of tourists to these areas must be further explored and clarified in relation to impacts on particular natural areas and patterns of market segmentation. As one of the earliest and largest natural reserves established in China, the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve(CMBR) has long been a draw not only for domestic tourists but also for international visitors, and tourism to the area has been growing steadily since 1980. With the number of visitors to the reserve having climbed to 2.44 million in 2010(Statistical Communiqué of the Changbai Mountain Protection and Development Zone of Jilin Province 2011), it has become imperative for local government officials and reserve wardens to understand tourists' desires and interests when identifying tourism development opportunities. However, the existing literature still suffers from a lack of empirical studies that investigate why people travel to the CMBR and whether tourist motives differ between groups such as ecotourists and general travelers. The target population for this study consists of domestic visitors to the CMBR. The goals of this research include:(1) to identify the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists that influence decisions to visit the CMBR;(2) to explore whether there are any differences between the motivations of these two types of tourists; and(3) to provide some useful management implications for local government and tourism marketers.

Application of FICare mode in premature infants of NICU:A meta-analysis

infants.Methods:Systematic searches in PubMed,EMBASE,The Cochrane Library,Web of Science,Chinese biomedical literature database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang medical and VIP database were performed for randomized controlled trials(RCTs)or quasi-RCTs which explored the effects of FICare mode on growth and development of premature infants in neonatal intensive care unit.Then,meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.3 after two independent investigators screened the literature,extracted the data and evaluated the risk of bias of all included studies.Results:A total of 14 articles were included,including 3120 preterm infants and their families.Meta-analysis showed that compared with the traditional management mode,FICare mode can effectively improve the growth rate of premature infants'weight[Weight mean difference(WMD)=4.02,95%CI(2.47,5.56),P<0.001],increase sleep time[WMD=3.25,95%CI(2.05,4.44),P<0.001],improve breastfeeding rate[RR=1.38,95%CI(1.15,1.64),P<0.001],reduce readmission rate[Relative risk(RR)=0.49,95%CI(0.33,0.71),P<0.001],promote the development of the nervous system[WMD=3.96,95%CI(3.18,4.74),P<0.001],improve nursing skills of Premature infants'parents[WMD=17.40,95%CI(13.64,21.1),P<0.001],reduce the influence of maternal and infant separation on parents'emotions.Conclusion:FICare mode can effectively promote the growth and development of premature infants and alleviate the harm caused by the separation of mother and infants.Limited by the quality and region of the included studies,the appeal conclusion still needs to be tested by more high-quality studies.

Quality indicators for the care of older adults with disabilities in longterm care facilities based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Purpose:This study aimed to develop quality indicators for the care of older adults with disabilities in long-term care facilities(LTCFs)based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.Methods:The draft of the quality indicators was drawn up based on a literature review and research group discussion.The quality indicators were finalized by two rounds of expert consultation(involving 15 experts)using the Delphi method.The Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied to calculate the indicators’weight.Results:The response rates of the two rounds of consultation were 100%and 93%,and the expert authority coefficients were 0.86 and 0.87.After two rounds of consultation,the expert opinion coordination coefficients of the first-,second-and third-level indicators were 0.42,0.25,and 0.96,respectively(P<0.05),and the variation coefficient was0.25.The final quality indicators for the care of older adults with disabilities in LTCFs included 7 first-level,19 second-level,and 107 third-level indicators.Conclusion:The quality indicators for the care of older adults with disabilities in LTCFs are reliable,scientific,comprehensive,and practical and specify the content of person-centered care needs.This can provide a reference for evaluating and improving care quality in LTCFs.

Applying systematic conservation planning to constitute a protection strategy for broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Changbai Mountains, China

The broad-leaved Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest is one of the most biodiverse zonal communities in the North Temperate Zone and an important habitat for many endangered species.Broad-leaved Korean pine forests(BKPFs) are shrinking quickly due to deforestation and rapid urbanization. Thus, scientific protection strategies are urgently needed to change this status. Changbai Mountains contains one of the largest BKPFs and is considered a priority biodiversity conservation area in China. Guided by systematic conservation planning(SCP) methods and procedures, we chose representative species and communities in BKPFs ecosystem as priority conservation objects, and set quantitative conservation target, which is in the light of the biodiversity characteristic of BKPFs. The watershed area is used as planning unit. We used CPlan software to calculate the irreplaceability(Ir)value of each planning unit and the contribution value(Ti) of each conservation object to(1) assess the conservation efficiency;(2) identify the conservation gap of the existing conservation network. Then wecalculated a human disturbance index(HDI) for planning units in the conservation gaps and combine this with the Ir value to design three conservation scenarios to optimize the conservation network.Results show that planning units with high conservation value 14.16% of the total area, with3084.36 km2 were covered by the existing conservation network. 79.28% of planning units with high conservation value have not been protected which were concentrated mainly in the eight gap areas.Only 25.3% of protection objects achieved their conservation target with the existing conservation network. Conservation efficiency is low. Three conservation scenarios are constituted, each prioritizing a different aim:(1) ecological value;(2)species rescue; and(3) economical avoidance. The three conservation schemes potentially enable 93%,88% and 51% of conservation objects, respectively, to achieve identified conservation targets, thereby improving conservation efficiency significantly.

Inorganic and Organic Compounds of Freshwater Filamentous Cyanobacteria under Normal and Salt Stress Conditions

The main aim of this work was to investigate the effects of salt stress conditions on the inorganic and organic compounds of extracts from six filamentous cyanobacteria： Arthospira platensis, Oscillatoria sp., Oscillatoria salina, Tolypothrix sp., Oscillatoria sp. SWU （Srinakharinwirot University）121 and Tolypothrix sp. SWU213. All cyanobacteria were cultures in BG （blue-green algae）11 medium： pH 7.5 at 35 ℃ for 30 days of sodium chloride in the culture medium presented 0-1.0 M. The cyanobacteria isolates grew well in BGH medium, nevertheless, growth of the majority of isolates was reduced by about 50% in the same medium containing 0.5 M NaCl. The inorganic compounds such as, Na^＋, K^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, NH4^＋ and NO3^- were determined. All ions were reduced when NaCI was increased and Na^＋ showed highest amount in the medium followed with Mg^2＋, NH4^＋, NO3^- and Ca^2＋ in all cyanobaeteria. The organic compounds such as, betaine, proline and total lipid were determined under normal and salt stress conditions. We found that all cyanobacteria increased interesting organic compound under salt stress condition at least two folds to compare with normal condition. This is the first finding indicated that freshwater filamentous cyanobacteria could grow under salt stresses by accumulation of some organic compounds as osmoprotectants such as betaine and amino acids, being the reduction related to the amount of inorganies compounds present in cultures.

Environment, Health and Economic Growth： Study on Optimal Energy Tax Revenue Distribution

Under the dual pressures of economic growth and environmental protection,how to curb pollution and raise public welfare without harming the economy or with minimal economic output losses has become a major question facing China in its efforts to transform growth pattern and accomplish economic transition. On the basis of an overlapping generation(OLG) model, this paper introduces the health effects of environmental pollution to systematically discuss the optimal distribution ratio of energy tax revenues in subsidizing household income and emission abatement under given tax rates to reduce the risks of "environment-health-poverty" trap. Our research shows that an optimal distribution ratio for maximizing per capita output or an optimal distribution ratio for maximizing public welfare exists. Based on China's actual parameters, however, this study has found that China's energy tax revenue distribution policy hardly meets the two optimal targets at the same time. Specific distribution ratio is subject to government decision-making preference, and needs to be adjusted according to actual differences.

Conservation of Iris bismarckiana Regel （Iridaceae） Using Plant Regeneration via Somatic Embryogenesis

In an attempt to propagate and conserve the rare, showy bulbous plants of Iris bismarckiana, newly recorded to the flora of Jordan and to contribute to the conservation the wild lris species in Jordan, a simple rapid, time consuming protocol has been developed using plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis was induced in zygotic embryo culture on Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid （8 mg/L） as the sole plant growth regulator, where both embryogenesis calli and somatic embryos were induced. Separation of embryos from embryo clusters was necessary to enhance the frequency of germination. Germination was stimulated by separation of embryos successfully from embryo clusters and transferred onto fresh MS medium. Data obtained were analyzed as a complete random design with three replications. Calli fragments that were transferred to embryogenesis induction medium （EIM） produced white embryo-like globular structures within two weeks. Within three more weeks, clusters of structures at various stages of development could be found on the same callus. The applied technique is rewarding and encouraging for further research on the endangered wild species of Iris in Jordan.

Three Gorges Project:a project for ecological improvement and environmental protection in Yangtze River Basin

Seeking water and earning their livelihoods is the natural selection of human beings.Like other rivers on the earth,the Yangtze River is the birthplace of human civilization and survival.As an ecosystem,the Yangtze River Basin is evolving under the influences of natural factors and human activities.Because of soil erosion,pollution and human activities,the imbalance of secondary environment is exacerbated and the ecological environment has become more vulnerable,so it is urgent to mitigate and prevent the ecological crisis.The practice has proved that implementation of engineering measures is an effective way to improve the ecological environment.The Three Gorges Project (TGP) has a flood control storage capacity of 22.15 billion m 3,effectively storing the flood water upstream of Yichang,and protects 15 million people and 1.5 million hm 2 farmland.Furthermore,the project can prevent or slow down the sedimentation and shrinkage of the lakes in the middle Yangtze River such as Dongting Lake;with an average annual power generation of about 90 billion kW· h,it can significantly reduce the emissions of harmful gas like CO 2.In general,the construction of TGP is conducive to the ecological and environmental protection in the Yangtze River Basin and China,even the world.

A STOCHASTIC GROWTH MODEL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Pollution is introduced into the utility function and the productive function in this paper.Under appropriate macroeconomic equilibrium conditions, this paper proves that the equilibrium levels of the main economic indexes are uniquely determined by the model parameters. This paper establishes the following alternative theorem： some factors affect the economic growth and the welfare in opposite way.

Effect of Gap Size on Seedling Establishment of Tsuga longibracteata

Effects of three gaps which are large (118 m2), medium (86 m2) and small (20 m2), respectively, and under canopy of Tsuga longibracteata forest on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata were studied through seed burial experiments from December 2003 to January 2005 in Tianbaoyan National Nature Reserve of Fujian, China. The results showed that the area of gap had an evident effect on the seedling establishment of T. longibracteata. The seedling emergence rates of T. longibracteata in plots of large gap, medium gap, small gap and under canopy were 10%, 10%, 4% and 6%, representing an increasing trend along with the gap size increasing without a significant difference. Rain eroding and insects feeding were two main factors leading to seedling death. The larger the gap size was, the more seedlings were killed by rain erosion and the fewer seedlings were killed by insects feeding. The emergence time of seedlings was almost same in all plots while their death time was different respectively. The gap size had a significant impact on seedling survival rate. The seedling survival rate was highest in the medium gap plot (27.0%) and next to the highest in large gap plot (7.3%), and seedling in small gap plot and under canopy plot died out after one growing season. Increased light supply in gaps was favorable for the seedlings growth and survival. Increased light supply in the large gap could enhance the growth of seedling leaf and root of T. longibracteata, and the seedling in turn allocated more dry mass to root and leaf, but it has little impact on the growth of stem. This research indicates that T. longibracteata is a pioneer species and its seedling establishment need a medium or large gap (>50 m2).

Root Effect of Three Vegetation Types on Shoreline Stabilization of Chongming Island,Shanghai

Coastal erosion is currently a major problem along the southern coast of Chongming Island, Shanghai. To enhance the erosion protection ability of coastal shelterbelts, two woody tree species, Taxodium ascendens and Salix babylonica, were planted separately into Phragmites australis ＋ Scirpus mariqueter communities in 2006. Two years later, we investigated whether either of these experiments reduced erosion and increased stability in the native herbaceous plant community. We also examined soil stability and root length density under T. aseendens added, S. babylonica added and native herbaceous vegetation conditions along an intertidal gradient from the soil surface to a depth of 40 cm in each experiment, thus to determine the capacity of T. ascendens and S. babylonica to contribute to shoreline stabilization. Topsoil under the native vegetation had greater stability at the middle and higher intertidal zones because its soil stability index and root length density were significantly higher than in the T. ascendens or S. babylonica planted communities. The effect of T. ascendens on soil stability was not generally better than that of the native vegetation. Only at the 20-30 cm soil depth of the middle intertidal zone and in the 10-20 cm layer of the higher intertidal zone the soil stability index and root length densities under the T. ascendens added condition were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than those of the native vegetation. The S. babylonica planted soil had greater stability in the deeper soil layer than the soil under either the native vegetation or the T. ascendens added condition, and its soil stability index and root length density were significant higher （P 〈 0.05） than those of other vegetation conditions at the 30 40 cm soil depth for the lower intertidal zone and at the 20-40 cm layer for middle and higher intertidal zones.