管材各向异性和拉压非对称性表征与建模研究进展

由于管材在制备过程中经历了复杂的多道次热力复合加工过程,通常具有明显的各向异性和拉压非对称性等性能,极大地影响了管材的成形性能和服役性能。如何准确、全面地表征管材的各向异性和拉压非对称性特征,并建立相应的本构模型,是管材成形设计与制造的前提和基础。然而,由于管材具有曲面、薄壁等几何特征,测试并表征管材的各向异性和拉压非对称性难度较大,对其各向异性和拉压非对称性的表征建模一直以来是国内外管材成形制造领域的前沿热点和难点问题。基于此,系统地总结了国内外近年来对于管材各向异性和拉压非对称性的测试表征手段,评述了相关的本构建模方法,并对测试表征与本构建模方法进行了展望。

Hill屈服准则向拉-压非对称材料的推广

本文旨在建立一个形式简单、能同时描述金属的塑性各向异性及拉-压非对称性的宏观屈服准则.首先,巧妙地构造了一个与静水压力无关,能描述金属材料拉-压非对称性的宏观各向同性屈服准则;其次,利用Cazacu的广义应力偏量不变量,将该准则推广到正交各向异性条件,使其能同时描述金属的塑性各向异性及拉-压非对称性.该准则形式简单,待定材料常数只有Cazacu提出的同类屈服准则的一半,更便于实际应用.对比拉-压对称的Hill(1948)屈服准则,本文提出的准则增加了3个描述材料拉-压非对称性的材料常数,所有常数都可以通过简单试验确定.当材料拉-压性能相同时,该准则退化为Hill(1948)屈服准则.因此,本文提出的准则可以看作Hill(1948)屈服准则向拉-压非对称材料的推广.对Cu-Al-Be记忆合金(试验数据来自Laydi和Lexcellent)及Ni3Al基金属间化合物IC10合金的应用表明,本文提出的屈服准则能很好地描述这两种合金的塑性各向异性及拉-压非对称性.

Annealing hardening and deformation behavior of layered gradient Zr–Ti composite

To investigate potential strengthening approaches,multi-layered zirconium–titanium(Zr-Ti)composites were fabricated by hot-rolling bonding and annealing.The microstructures of these composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy(SEM-EDS)and electron backscatter diffractometry(EBSD).Their mechanical properties were evaluated by uniaxial tension and compression measurements.It was found that the fabricated Zr–Ti composites are composed of alternating Zr/diffusion/Ti layers,and chemical compositions of Zr and Ti showed a gradient distribution in the diffusion layer.Compared with as-rolled samples,annealing can strengthen the layered gradient Zr–Ti composite,and this is mainly caused by solid-solution strengthening and microstructure refinement-induced strengthening.Compared with the raw materials,a synergistic improvement of strength and ductility is achieved in the Zr–Ti composite as a result of the layered gradient microstructure.Tension–compression asymmetry is observed in the Zr–Ti composites,which may be attributed to twinning and microvoids induced by unbalanced diffusion.

AZ31B镁合金挤压板材力学性能的各向异性

在AZ31B镁合金板材的板面内沿不同方向进行单向拉伸和压缩试验,研究挤压板材的力学性能。结果表明,变形AZ31B镁合金板材具有显著的各向异性和拉压非对称性。在板面内,沿挤压方向拉伸时的屈服应力明显地比沿同方向压缩和沿其他方向拉伸或压缩时的高(约2倍);沿45°斜向拉伸的屈服应力和抗拉强度较低,而延伸率最高;这种非对称性主要表现为屈服非对称和塑性流动非对称,即拉压的屈服应力不相等和拉压应力-应变曲线形状不同,压缩曲线表现出特殊的"S"型。基于晶体塑性理论,讨论了引起变形镁合金的各向异性和拉压非对称性力学性能的变形机理。