李·斯特拉斯伯格方法派——歌剧表演中的身体语言与情感表达

本文详细介绍了李·斯特拉斯伯格方法派在表演艺术中的理论框架及其在歌剧表演中的应用。首先,对李·斯特拉斯伯格的生平与贡献进行概述,然后介绍了方法派的理论框架,以及在表演艺术中的应用历史。其次,论述了方法派的关键要素,包括消除演员无意识的身体习惯、增强对世界感知的意识,以及训练演员意识的现实复制;阐述了歌剧表演中的身体语言,以及方法派对其理解与应用。最后,探讨了情感表达在歌剧表演中的作用,并提出了一些具体的技巧和应用方法。

“情绪记忆”辨析——从斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基到李·斯特拉斯伯格

作为斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基演剧体系体验创作过程中的心理技术元素,“情绪记忆”在美国方法派表演中却扮演了超出原本价值、至关重要的角色。从斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基的提出到李·斯特拉斯伯格的相对完善,“情绪记忆”在表演创作中的地位、性质以及工作原理都发生了变化,两位戏剧大师对“情绪记忆”的不同理解及运用造成了诸多认识上的含混不清。基于历史环境、学习经验、探索目标以及个人的艺术追求等多方面原因,李·斯特拉斯伯格对于“情绪记忆”的认识已经超越了斯氏体系的理论边界,将其发展成为方法派表演的代表性技术。

拉斯伯打结器,德国制造“结”出品质

拉斯伯(rasspe)打结器已进入中国市场20余年,与国内众多打捆机厂家如华德、花溪、星光、玉龙、雷沃和中联等合作已久,深受广大用户的信赖。

细胞有丝分裂过程的发现及其重要意义

现有生物学史论著认为斯特拉斯伯格(1875—1880)和弗莱明(1878—1882)发现动植物细胞有丝分裂并由拉布尔(1885)纠正了弗莱明的唯一错误并完善其不足之处。本文根据对有关原始文献的研究,表明纠正弗莱明若干错误的工作是由几位学者完成的,并且时间至少应推迟到1888年或更晚。

走进表演中的“私密时刻”

李·斯特拉斯伯格是美国方法派表演的重要代表人物之一,从"心理性"方面入手为方法派表演的理论建树和实践及其在表演教学中的应用做出了卓越的贡献。本人在纽约电影学院留学期间接触到相关训练,有幸在回国后的话剧表演实践和表演教学工作中将习得的一些方法运用其中,并得到体会。笔者以在《晚安妈妈》一剧排演过程中的切身实践为例,选取自身感受深刻的部分与大家分享。

Fishery stock assessment of Kiddi shrimp (Parapenaeopsis stylifera) in the Northern Arabian Sea Coast of Pakistan by using surplus production models

Pakistani marine waters are under an open access regime. Due to poor management and policy implications, blind fishing is continued which may result in ecological as well as economic losses. Thus, it is of utmost importance to estimate fishery resources before harvesting. In this study, catch and effort data, 1996-2009, of Kiddi shrimp Parapenaeopsis stylifera fishery from Pakistani marine waters was analyzed by using specialized fishery software in order to know fishery stock status of this commercially important shrimp. Maximum, minimum and average capture production ofP. stylifera was observed as 15 912 metric tons （mr） （1997）, 9 438 mt （2009） and 11 667 mt/a. Two stock assessment tools viz. CEDA （catch and effort data analysis） and ASPIC （a stock production model incorporating covariates） were used to compute MSY （maximum sustainable yield） of this organism. In CEDA, three surplus production models, Fox, Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson, along with three error assumptions, log, log normal and gamma, were used. For initial proportion （IP） 0.8, the Fox model computed MSY as 6 858 nat （CV=0.204, R^2=0.709） and 7 384 mt （CV=0.149, R^2=0.72） for log and log normal error assumption respectively. Here, gamma error produced minimization failure. Estimated MSY by using Schaefer and Pella-Tomlinson models remained the same for log, log normal and gamma error assumptions i.e. 7 083 mt, 8 209 mt and 7 242 mt correspondingly. The Schafer results showed highest goodness of fit R2 （0.712） values. ASPIC computed MSY, CV, R2, FMsv and BMsv parameters for the Fox model as 7 219 nat, 0.142, 0.872, 0.111 and 65 280, while for the Logistic model the computed values remained 7 720 mt, 0.148, 0.868, 0.107 and 72 110 correspondingly. Results obtained have shown that P. stylifera has been overexploited. Immediate steps are needed to conserve this fishery resource for the future and research on other species of commercial importance is urgently needed.

Projectively flat exponential Finsler metric

In this paper, we study a class of Finsler metric in the form F=αexp(β/α)+εβ, where α is a Riemannian metric and β is a 1-form, ε is a constant. We call F exponential Finsler metric. We proved that exponential Finsler metric F is locally projectively flat if and only if α is projectively flat and β is parallel with respect to α. Moreover, we proved that the Douglas tensor of expo-nential Finsler metric F vanishes if and only if β is parallel with respect to α. And from this fact, we get that if exponential Finsler metric F is the Douglas metric, then F is not only a Berwald metric, but also a Landsberg metric.

Marriage in Pre-lslamic Arabia as Reflected in Poetry and Prose： The Social and Humane Relations Between Husband and Wife

This study aims at illuminating the institution and customs of marriage in the pre-lslamic period （Al-]ahiliyya）, and at the same time at putting to rest certain completely unfounded, fabricated and slanderous claims about this period which have been disseminated by a not inconsiderable number of scholars. It will present the facts about marriage in the period in question by way of showing how it appears in pre-lslamic literature, prose as well as poetry, and how the social and humane relations between husband and wife reflected in the pre-islamic poetry and prose.

Jew-Hatred in the Islamic State Organization＇s （ISIS） Ideology

In October 2015, an ISIS member speaking fluent Hebrew warned that soon there would be no Jews left in Jerusalem or in the rest of the land called ＂Israel＂. The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria （ISIS） will fulfill this mission according this Salafi-Jihadism group. ISIS ideology holds that it is first necessary to fight against the near enemy （the Arab states） but the last apocalyptic battle will be with the Jews （the far enemy）. The purpose of this article is to reveal and present the development of Jew-hatred fi＇om al-Qa＇ida and up to the present doctrine oflSIS.

Hydrography and Circulation in the Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean during April-May 2011

The distribution of hydrography and circulation in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean(ETIO) during April-May 2011 were analyzed using cruise observations,satellite observations,and historic hydrographic data.It was observed that warm water(>28℃) occupies the upper 50-m layer in the ETIO.Low-salinity surface water was observed at the mouth of the Bay of Bengal(BOB),which further extends to the Arabian Sea and off Sumatra via the Sri Lanka coast and the eastern bay mouth.Arabian Sea high-salinity water(ASHSW) is carried eastward along the equator to around 90°E by the equatorial undercurrent(EUC).It also runs south of Sri Lanka(north to 3°N) and in the western bay mouth(west to 87°E) but is much shallower than its counterpart at the equator.It is suggested to be the residual of the ASHSW,which intrudes into the BOB during the preceding southwest monsoon.Our results also show that,in the south of Sri Lanka,just below this subsurface high-salinity water,very-low-salinity water(about 34.8) occurs at depths of 100-200 m.Further analysis suggests that this low-salinity water comes from the BOB.

Length-weight relationship of eleven species of marine catfishes from the northern Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan

This study records length-weight relationships （LWRs） for eleven commercially important marine catfish species of the family Ariidae （sea catfishes） and Plotosidae （eel catfishes） from the northern Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan. The specimens were sampled from December 2014 to November 2015, using bottom trawls with various mesh sizes by commercial vessels. The species were Nemapteryx caelatus, Sciades sona, Arius gagora, Batrachocephalus mino, Neturna thalassina, N. bilineata, Osteogeneiosus militaris, Plicofollis dussumieri, P. tenuispinis, Plotosus limbatus, and P. lineatus. Of the eleven species, two species A. gagora and N. bilineata were recorded for the first time and LWRs for four species A. gagora, N. bilineata, S. sona, and B. mino still have no data in the FishBase database. In addition, new maximum length for each of the three species N. bilineata, O. militaris andB. mino was also found.

Religious Beliefs in Pre-lslamic Poetry

The subject of this study is how pre-Islamic poets viewed religious beliefs and how the Arabs dealt with such beliefs in the period that preceded the emergence of Islam, known as the/ahiliyya. The study discusses Arab religious beliefs and rites, which were filled with mythical elements such as idol worship, treating some animals as sacred, and worship of the sun, plants, certain inanimate objects and birds. It describes the various stages through which these beliefs passed, from sanctification of trees and caves, through the worship of the sun and the stars, to idol worship and more. The study then proceeds to inquire into the traces of mythology to be found in Arabic poetry. It shows how humans did not only inherit their forefathers＇ beliefs, but also their ideas, and explains how poets were able to embody reality by means of artistic symbols that reflected such elements of their lives as emotions and objective mental states. Subsequently the study discusses the sanctity which the Arabs ascribed to some animals, and which they worshipped in the hope of obtaining a blessing, maintaining an intimacy with the animal or averting evil. Many Arabs in those days believed in the sanctity of animals, the sun, the moon and Venus, thought that trees and other p｜ants possessed a spirit, and considered some animals to be deities with extraordinary powers, among them the viper, the crocodile, the bull, the gazelle and the goat. Finally, the study shows how pre-lslamic Arabic poetry can serve as a reliable document that reflects the society of the times, and how even the restricted amount of verse that has survived from those times can provide considerable information about mythical elements that go back to the remotest times.

The Description of Motion in Tunisian Arabic： A Thinking-for-Speaking Approach

Motion event typology predicts that languages can be divided into either satellite-framed, verb-framed or serial-framed languages. However, an increasing number of studies show that languages within the same type predispose their speakers to describe motion events differently. Based on the narrative behavior of 15 native speakers, we provide evidence that suggests Tunisian Arabic （TA） is an untypical verb-framed language. One the one hand, TA conflates motion and path meanings in the main verb, and native speakers adhere to the boundary-crossing constraint. On the other hand, the availability of a rich manner verb lexicon combined with the availability of mono-verbal clauses ready to be coordinated asyndetically, encourages TA speakers to attend to the manner of motion more often than reported for a typical verb-framed language （e.g., Spanish）. Based on these fmdings, we conclude that predictions based on motion event typology are best considered as guidelines, and not as an accurate reflection of how motion meanings may be lexicalized and expressed in individual languages

The Dates of the Reign of Vakhtang Gorgasali

Georgian historiography dates the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali （Gorg-a-sar--＇wolf-head＇ in Persian） to the 2nd half of 5th century. The king is considered to have died in 502 in a fight with Persians. Cyril Toumanoff has expressed an opinion about the identification of Vakhtang Gorgasali with the King of Kartli Gurgen, mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea in 523. Accordingly, he believed that in case of such an identification, Vakhtang Gorgasali should have died in 527 during the big Persian invasion of Georgia. We have noticed that the author of the martyrdom of David and Constantine, who were based on the ancient chronicle （＂Dzveli Utskebani＂---Old Story） and who created his hagiographic work in the middle of 1 lth century, made a big mistake： erroneously, due to the similarity of names, he identified the sons of Georgian King Vakhtang Gorgasali Darchil and Mihrdat and the invasion of Persians in their reign with the sons of the ruler of Georgia （Kartli） Stephanoz III Mihrdat and Archil and invasions of Arabs and Marwan ibn Muhammad （Murvan Qru--＂Marwan the Deaf＇） that took place two centuries later, in the 30s of 8th century. Consequently, the author related the martyrdom on the background of Arab invasions. The fact that according to the author of the martyrdom, the sons of Vakhtang Gorgasali were in West Georgia, namely Anakopia, and fought the so-called Arabs there, makes it clear that the historical developments were taking place in the period of the Great Persian-Byzantine War of 542-562. In the title of the work it is mentioned that the invasion, during which the martyrdom of David and Constantine took place, happened in the vicinity of the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali. Thus, it becomes clear that King Vakhtang Gorgasali could not have died during the Persian-Byzantine War of 502-505 and that the Great Invasion of Persians described in the ＂Georgian Chronicles＂, in which Vakhtang Gorgasali was wounded, could only have happened in 527. The king must have died during a war between Persia and Byzantium in 527-532, more specifically in 527 when Persians invaded Georgia. Proceeding from the above, the surmise of Cyril Toumanoff regarding the death of Vakhtang Gorgasali in 527 becomes more convincing and well-grounded. Since it is known that King Vakhtang Gorgasali lived 60 years, the date of his birth can be presumed to be 466-467. This gives us an opportunity to establish a more precise date of reign ofVakhtang＇s father-Mihrdat and his grandfather-Archil. The dates of reign we have put forward for kings Mihrdat and Archil （Archil ,130-463, Mihrdat--463-473） correspond to the information of the Assyrian version of the Life of Peter the Iberian.

Morphotaxonomy and seasonal distribution of planktonic and benthic Prorocentrales in Karachi waters,Pakistan Northern Arabian Sea

Morphotaxonomy and seasonal abundance of dinoflagellates of the genera Prorocentrum and Mesoporos （Prorocentrales） were studied from nutrient-rich waters, Karachi Harbor and the mouth of the Manora Channel, Pakistan during May 2002-July 2003. Using both light and scanning electron microscopy, 13 species of Prorocentrales were identified according to cell shape, size, ornamentation of thecal plates, and architecture of apical platelets, apical pore area, marginal pores, and intercalary bands. P. sigmoides, P. arcuatum, P. scutellum, P. donghaiense, P. balticum, P. minimum, P. emarginatum, P. lima, P. faustiae, and Mesoporos perforatus constitute new records for sindh coast of Pakistan. The most abundant species were P. minimum/P, balticum （4.5x103 cells/L）, P. micans （1.1~103 cells/L）, P. gracile/P, sigmoides （2.5 x 102 cells/L） and P. donghaiense （6.6 x 103 cells/L） at temperatures of 29-31 ~C and salinities of 35-40. Maximum abundance was observed in winter and lower abundance in summer. There was no significant change in the distribution of species between stations except for the benthic species which occurred close to Karachi Harbor waters. Significant positive correlations were observed between Prorocentrum spp. and temperature （R2=0.27） and negative correlations with salinity （R2=-0.32） except for P. minimum and P. emarginatum which has negative correlation with temperature （R2=-0.24） and positive with salinity （R2=0.08, 0.19）. The finding of potential okadaic-acid producing species of benthic Prorocentrum call for monitoring for possible human health problems in this region.

Arabic Language in Multicultural Dynamism： Chronological Effects on Nigeria＇s Heritage

Of such notice that researchers documented in their compendium about the spawn of Arabs and their language dwindled in mono-cultural boundary for many memorable years. It is of the fact that the relevance of Arabic language is not only restricted to the people spoken it as their mother language. Thus, it is globally applauded due to its effective recognitions and relevancies in other cultures and all human strata. History shows that the place of Arabic language in multicultural society is very applausive, especially after the emergence of Islam, when Islam spread beyond its domain to other continents like Asia, Europe, Africa, America, etc. Apparently, the position of Arabic language in multicultural societies, especially Nigeria （has the largest African population） which has predominant ethnic groups, cultures, and more than 400 ethnic dialects, with over 1,850,000,000 population is given a warmly applausive recognization. The reason is that its entry into the country dated back to the seventh century of the Hijrah era in which Arabic had been used for religious, social, economic, and cultural purposes. Therefore, this paper is aiming to give an expository analysis of the relevance of Arabic language in multicultural societies, and take Nigeria as a case study.

Yom Kippur War Influence at the PLO Recognition and the Palestinian Problem

On November 1973, about one month after the cease-fire at the end of the Yom Kippur War, the Arab League decided that the Palestine Liberation Organization （PLO） was the sole representative of the Palestinian people. This article examines the contribution of the PLO to the war effort of the Arab countries during the Yom Kippur War, the influence of the war upon the Palestinian problem, the Palestinian military contribution to the Arab war effort, Jordan＇s non-participation in the Yom Kippur War and the Egyptian attempt to include the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people in future negotiations with Israel and the U.S. which enabled the PLO recognition as the Palestinians sole representative for 30 years.

Edward Said on Jerusalem

This paper explores the status of Jerusalem as viewed by Edward Said in his political works particularly in his article ＂The Current Status of Jerusalem＂ written in 1995 and published posthumously in 2011 in Jerusalem Quarterly, the only Arab journal that focuses exclusively on the city of Jerusalem＇s history, political status, and future. In his article, Said raises various issues regarding Jerusalem and the Palestinian-Israeli peace process. The article depicts Israel＇s policy of Judaizing Jerusalem and its attempts to make Jerusalem its eternal capital. Said tries to expose the Israeli meretricious strategies regarding Jerusalem which begin by projecting an image of what it wants the world to believe and then translating that false image into reality. Said also underscores the fact that both Palestinians and the pan-Arab nation have failed to counteract the Israeli policy of selling to the world the notion of Jerusalem belonging exclusively to Israel, a failure that has enabled Israel to tighten its grip on the Holy City and to curb the Palestinians＇, the Arabs＇ and the Muslims＇ attempts to counterattack on the level of media information. In Said＇s view, the only hope for the future is a decent and fair coexistence between the two peoples based upon equality and self-determination. For him, the separation between the Palestinians and the Israelis since 1948 has not led to successful outcomes; a one state---rather than a binational-state solution is, therefore, the more possible way of resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Literary Translation and Loanwords： A Study of English and Igbo Translations ofFranz Kafka＇s Brief an den Vater

Multilingualism and multiculturalism have become so characteristic of our times that it is hard to come by a literary work that is strictly monolingual. Languages in contact influence each other in various ways. One language could be more influential than the other as a result of linguistic and non-linguistic factors. A language that is documented and enjoys a more privileged political, economic, cultural, or religious position is likely to be more influential than another language that lacks these qualities. Languages in contact often borrow words from each other though a language that is considered to be more prestigious than another is more likely to be the donor language less prestigious one. Loanwords are therefore common among languages in contact. Intercultural literary communication is mostly effected through translation. Due to Africa＇s colonial experience, literary translation practice in Africa often involves European languages, Arabic, and indigenous African languages. In Nigeria, the languages that have played significant roles in literary translation include English, French, German, Arabic, and indigenous Nigerian languages. Franz Kafka＇s Brief an den Vater which was written in German has been translated into English as Letter to His Father by Ernest Kaiser and Eithne Wilkins and into Igbo as Soro Okwu m maobu Leta （Ndi） Nna by Felicia Ibemesi. This paper sets out to study loanwords in the English and Igbo translations from a target reader＇s perspective

论“方法”派对演员“表现”之难题的解决

演员表演的表现问题是表演艺术中较为重要的一个课题。自有演员历史以来演员如何去表现?各历史阶段的表导演艺术家们都一直在寻求着解决的答案。我们常听到演员说他体验到了人物的情感,他的内心已饱含着激情,但为什么当他在舞台上进行演出的时刻,他的演出却不能打动观众?李.斯特拉斯伯格为此寻找到了几个阻碍演员表现的答案,并总结了一些能解决演员"表现"这一难题的方法。