Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and it...Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and its so-called capital Raqqa in Syria besieged. The visible"Caliphate"of the IS is breaking up with an obvious trend of declining, which will return to a normal terrorist group from a new-type and semi-militarized terrorist organization with an independent army, territories and administrative systems. Such a change will bring about new uncertainties to the IS itself and the environment of international terrorism. For some time to come in the future, how to cope with the impact brought about by such a change of the IS will become a major issue of the international community.展开更多
Mt. Everest is often referred to as the earth＇s ＇third＇ pole. As such it is relatively inaccessible and little is known about its meteorology. In 2005, an automatic weather station was operated at North Col （28...Mt. Everest is often referred to as the earth＇s ＇third＇ pole. As such it is relatively inaccessible and little is known about its meteorology. In 2005, an automatic weather station was operated at North Col （28°1′ 0.95＂ N, 86°57′ 48.4＂ E, 6523 m a.s.l.） of Mt. Everest. Based on the observational data, this paper compares the reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR （hereafter NCEP-Ⅰ） and NCEP-DOE AMIP-Ⅱ （NCEP- Ⅱ）, in order to understand which reanalysis data are more suitable for the high Himalayas with Mr. Everest region. When comparing with those from the other levels, pressure interpolated from 500 hPa level is closer to the observation and can capture more synoptic-scale variability, which may be due to the very complex topography around Mt. Everest and the intricately complicated orographic land-atmosphereocean interactions. The interpolation from both NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ daily minimum temperature and daily mean pressure can capture most synopticscale variability （r〉0.82, n=83, p〈0.001）. However, there is difference between NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ reanalysis data because of different model parameterization. Comparing with the observation, the magnitude of variability was underestimated by 34.1%, 28.5 % and 27.1% for NCEP-Ⅰ temperature and pressure, and NCEP-Ⅱ pressure, respectively, while overestimated by 44.5 % for NCEP-Ⅱ temperature. For weather events interpolated from the reanalyzed data, NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ show the same features that weather events interpolated from pressure appear at the same day as those from the observation, and some events occur one day ahead, while most weather events and NCEP-Ⅱ temperature interpolated from NCEP-Ⅰ happen one day ahead of those from the observation, which is much important for the study on meteorology and climate changes in the region, and is very valuable from the view of improving the safety of climbers who attempt to climb Mt. Everest.展开更多
Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System （...Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System （GIS） techniques, the paper presents the results of a multitemporal satellite glacier extent mapping and glacier changes by glacier sizes in the Mt. Qomolangma region at the northern slopes of the middle Himalayas over the Tibetan Plateau. Glaciers in this region have both retreated and advanced in the past 35 years, with retreat dominating. The glacier retreat area was 3.23 km2 （or o.75 km^2 yr^-1 during 1974 and 1976, 8.68 km^2 （or 0.36 km^2 yr^-1 during 1976 and 1992, 1.44 km^2 （or 0.12 km^2 yr^-1） during 1992-2ooo. 1.14 km^2 （or 0.22 km^2 yr^-1 during 2000-2003, and 0.52 km^2 （or 0.07 km^2 yr^-1 during 2003-2008, respectively. While supra-glacier lakes on the debris-terminus of the Rongbuk Glacier were enlarged dramatically at the same time, from 0.05 km^2 in 1974 increased to 0.71 km^2 in 2008, which was more than 13 times larger in the last 35 years. In addition, glacier changes also showed spatial differences, for example, glacier retreat rate was the fastest at glacier termini between 5400 and 5700 m a.s.l than at other elevations. The result also shows that glaciers in the middle Himalayas retreat almost at a same pace with those in the western Himalayas.展开更多
From 8 April to 11 October in 2005, hydrological observation of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment was carried out in the Mr. Qomolangma （Everest） region in the central Himalayas, China. The results demonstrated that due...From 8 April to 11 October in 2005, hydrological observation of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment was carried out in the Mr. Qomolangma （Everest） region in the central Himalayas, China. The results demonstrated that due to its large area with glacier lakes at the tongue of the Rongbuk Glacier, a large amount of stream flow was found at night, which indicates the strong storage characteristic of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment. There was a time lag ranging from 8 to 14 hours between daily discharge peaks and maximum melting （maximum temperature）. As melting went on the time lag got shorter. A high correlation was found between the hydrological process and daily temperature during the ablation period. The runoff from April to October was about 80% of the total in the observation period. Compared with the discharge data in 1959, the runoff in 2005 was much more, and the runoff in June, July and August increased by 69%, 35% and 14%, respectively. The rising of temperature is a major factor causing the increase in runoff. The discharges from precipitation and snow and ice melting are separated. The discharge induced by precipitation accounts for about 20% of the total runoff, while snow and ice melting for about 80%.展开更多
Central Bilad al-Sudan refers to the areas of the ancient Hausa states, and the domains of the ancient Kanem Bornu. As a result of the aged long commercial, cultural, and religious linkages between North Africa and th...Central Bilad al-Sudan refers to the areas of the ancient Hausa states, and the domains of the ancient Kanem Bornu. As a result of the aged long commercial, cultural, and religious linkages between North Africa and the Central Sudan, one finds so many things in common among the two regions in dress, diets, cultural traits, as well as educational and religious practices. The extent of influence of the North African region on the individual and communal lives of the central Sudan has been extraordinarily great. The central Sudan is one of the most Islamized areas of West Africa, and Arabic language is second language to the Muslim communities in domestic and public spheres. And as a result of the entrenchment of Islam among the people due to the activities of North African scholars and traders the area became the hub of Islamic scholarship. The intellectual history of the Central Bilad al-Sudan cannot be complete without the mention of an Algerian scholar, Muhammad ibn Abd-A1-Kareem al-Maghili who in addition to his scholarly influence took appointment as Special Adviser in Kano in the 1460s. The same could be said of an Egyptian prolific writer, Jalal al-Deen al-Suyuti, who settled in Katsina and Gobir and also took the appointment of Grand Qadi in Katsina in the 15th century. Similarly, books of Sanhaja scholars, Shinqit Ulama＇a, as well as Spanish-Andalusian scholars via Morocco were made available and widely studied in this part of Muslim world. The combination of the activities of such scholars, literature, and learning tradition were responsible lbr the growth and development of Muslim intelligentsia in the central Bilad al-Sudan since the earliest time, and the influence continues to date. Thus this paper aims at examining the phenomenon, primarily by assessing the influence of scholars, literature, and educational institutions from the Maghreb on the intellectual development and the emergence of native scholars and intelligentsia and on the general scholarly trend in the central Bilad al-Sudan.展开更多
文摘Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and its so-called capital Raqqa in Syria besieged. The visible"Caliphate"of the IS is breaking up with an obvious trend of declining, which will return to a normal terrorist group from a new-type and semi-militarized terrorist organization with an independent army, territories and administrative systems. Such a change will bring about new uncertainties to the IS itself and the environment of international terrorism. For some time to come in the future, how to cope with the impact brought about by such a change of the IS will become a major issue of the international community.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40501015)the Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No. KZCX3-SW-344)
文摘Mt. Everest is often referred to as the earth＇s ＇third＇ pole. As such it is relatively inaccessible and little is known about its meteorology. In 2005, an automatic weather station was operated at North Col （28°1′ 0.95＂ N, 86°57′ 48.4＂ E, 6523 m a.s.l.） of Mt. Everest. Based on the observational data, this paper compares the reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR （hereafter NCEP-Ⅰ） and NCEP-DOE AMIP-Ⅱ （NCEP- Ⅱ）, in order to understand which reanalysis data are more suitable for the high Himalayas with Mr. Everest region. When comparing with those from the other levels, pressure interpolated from 500 hPa level is closer to the observation and can capture more synoptic-scale variability, which may be due to the very complex topography around Mt. Everest and the intricately complicated orographic land-atmosphereocean interactions. The interpolation from both NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ daily minimum temperature and daily mean pressure can capture most synopticscale variability （r〉0.82, n=83, p〈0.001）. However, there is difference between NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ reanalysis data because of different model parameterization. Comparing with the observation, the magnitude of variability was underestimated by 34.1%, 28.5 % and 27.1% for NCEP-Ⅰ temperature and pressure, and NCEP-Ⅱ pressure, respectively, while overestimated by 44.5 % for NCEP-Ⅱ temperature. For weather events interpolated from the reanalyzed data, NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ show the same features that weather events interpolated from pressure appear at the same day as those from the observation, and some events occur one day ahead, while most weather events and NCEP-Ⅱ temperature interpolated from NCEP-Ⅰ happen one day ahead of those from the observation, which is much important for the study on meteorology and climate changes in the region, and is very valuable from the view of improving the safety of climbers who attempt to climb Mt. Everest.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40601056, 40121101)the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Project (2009CB723901)+4 种基金the Special Science Foundation on Meteorological Project Research for Public Benefit (GYHY(QX)2007-6-18)the Survey Project on Glacier resources and their changes in China (No.2006FY110200)the Opening Fund projects of State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science in the Institute of Remote Sensing Applicationsthe innovative project of Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITPR),CASthrough a cooperation project between the Climate Change Institute, University of Maine supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA04OAR4600179) and the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITPR), CAS
文摘Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System （GIS） techniques, the paper presents the results of a multitemporal satellite glacier extent mapping and glacier changes by glacier sizes in the Mt. Qomolangma region at the northern slopes of the middle Himalayas over the Tibetan Plateau. Glaciers in this region have both retreated and advanced in the past 35 years, with retreat dominating. The glacier retreat area was 3.23 km2 （or o.75 km^2 yr^-1 during 1974 and 1976, 8.68 km^2 （or 0.36 km^2 yr^-1 during 1976 and 1992, 1.44 km^2 （or 0.12 km^2 yr^-1） during 1992-2ooo. 1.14 km^2 （or 0.22 km^2 yr^-1 during 2000-2003, and 0.52 km^2 （or 0.07 km^2 yr^-1 during 2003-2008, respectively. While supra-glacier lakes on the debris-terminus of the Rongbuk Glacier were enlarged dramatically at the same time, from 0.05 km^2 in 1974 increased to 0.71 km^2 in 2008, which was more than 13 times larger in the last 35 years. In addition, glacier changes also showed spatial differences, for example, glacier retreat rate was the fastest at glacier termini between 5400 and 5700 m a.s.l than at other elevations. The result also shows that glaciers in the middle Himalayas retreat almost at a same pace with those in the western Himalayas.
基金supported by National Key Project for Basic Research of China (No. 2007CB411503)Chinese COPES project (GYHY200706005)the National Basic Work Program of Chinese MST (Glacier Inventory of China II, Grant No.2006FY110200)
文摘From 8 April to 11 October in 2005, hydrological observation of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment was carried out in the Mr. Qomolangma （Everest） region in the central Himalayas, China. The results demonstrated that due to its large area with glacier lakes at the tongue of the Rongbuk Glacier, a large amount of stream flow was found at night, which indicates the strong storage characteristic of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment. There was a time lag ranging from 8 to 14 hours between daily discharge peaks and maximum melting （maximum temperature）. As melting went on the time lag got shorter. A high correlation was found between the hydrological process and daily temperature during the ablation period. The runoff from April to October was about 80% of the total in the observation period. Compared with the discharge data in 1959, the runoff in 2005 was much more, and the runoff in June, July and August increased by 69%, 35% and 14%, respectively. The rising of temperature is a major factor causing the increase in runoff. The discharges from precipitation and snow and ice melting are separated. The discharge induced by precipitation accounts for about 20% of the total runoff, while snow and ice melting for about 80%.
文摘Central Bilad al-Sudan refers to the areas of the ancient Hausa states, and the domains of the ancient Kanem Bornu. As a result of the aged long commercial, cultural, and religious linkages between North Africa and the Central Sudan, one finds so many things in common among the two regions in dress, diets, cultural traits, as well as educational and religious practices. The extent of influence of the North African region on the individual and communal lives of the central Sudan has been extraordinarily great. The central Sudan is one of the most Islamized areas of West Africa, and Arabic language is second language to the Muslim communities in domestic and public spheres. And as a result of the entrenchment of Islam among the people due to the activities of North African scholars and traders the area became the hub of Islamic scholarship. The intellectual history of the Central Bilad al-Sudan cannot be complete without the mention of an Algerian scholar, Muhammad ibn Abd-A1-Kareem al-Maghili who in addition to his scholarly influence took appointment as Special Adviser in Kano in the 1460s. The same could be said of an Egyptian prolific writer, Jalal al-Deen al-Suyuti, who settled in Katsina and Gobir and also took the appointment of Grand Qadi in Katsina in the 15th century. Similarly, books of Sanhaja scholars, Shinqit Ulama＇a, as well as Spanish-Andalusian scholars via Morocco were made available and widely studied in this part of Muslim world. The combination of the activities of such scholars, literature, and learning tradition were responsible lbr the growth and development of Muslim intelligentsia in the central Bilad al-Sudan since the earliest time, and the influence continues to date. Thus this paper aims at examining the phenomenon, primarily by assessing the influence of scholars, literature, and educational institutions from the Maghreb on the intellectual development and the emergence of native scholars and intelligentsia and on the general scholarly trend in the central Bilad al-Sudan.
