基于GIS的农村道路体系空间格局及地形梯度分异效应分析——以重庆市忠县拔山镇为例

立足丘陵山区农村道路结构功能与布局特点,以重庆市忠县拔山镇为例,研究地貌形态差异显著的地理空间单元农村道路体系空间格局特征及其在海拔高度、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、地表切割深度、平面变率和剖面变率7个地貌形态要素上的梯度分异效应。结果表明:地势越平坦的地理空间单元农村道路体系结构越均衡、网络效率越高,且区位优势越突出的单元,农村道路网络越发达;农村道路通达弹性大但不同类型道路地形梯度效应既具有差异性又存在一定的关联性。农村道路体系中,生产路所占比例高于机耕道和农村公路,其对地形梯度变化的适宜性相对较强;各地形梯度上生产路、机耕道和农村公路互为补充,具有结构和功能的完整性及其组合效应的叠加性。因此,农村道路体系以一定的结构和功能融于农业自然人文景观,多顺应区域局地微地貌形态而建,在一定程度上,其空间格局受微地貌形态"引导与阻隔效应"甚为显著。

忠县拔山中学田径运动开展现状调查

运用文献资料法、访谈法、实地考察法等,分析了忠县拔山中学体育田径运动的开展现状。结果表明:忠县拔山中学学校领导对学校体育田径运动非常重视与支持,但运动训练经费不足,教练员训练工作量大而影响教练员的工作。学校教学场地器材还是比较充足,只是器材有些陈旧,但是学生学习兴趣浓厚,教练员对训练工作也非常认真,但教练员的工作认识也要有待提高。由以上情况可以提出对拔山中学应该加大提高领导重视程度,改善学校的教学设施,加强师资队伍建设,提高教学能力,改善教学方式激发学生参加体育田径运动的兴趣等措施作为拔山中学田径运动现状的参考。

力拔山兮气盖世

我和小益比赛掰手腕。我暗暗对自己说：“可不能输给这个小不点，不然，我颜面何存？”于是我大吼一声：“呀!”使出全力朝他那边压过去。他似乎被我喊懵了，输在当场。呵呵，这就叫“力拔山兮气盖世”吧!

关于中国功夫在膝关节穿刺“髌下”入路中的应用提议

中医骨伤科发展过程中出现了伤科医生既是医学家，又是武术家，他们既把正骨服务于武术，又把武术服务于正骨［1］。他们通过练功来提高疗伤技艺，将中国功夫融入患者的疾病诊疗。随着社会年龄结构老龄化的趋势，膝关节骨性关节炎发病逐年上升，膝关节腔注射透明质酸钠是一种临床常见的疗法。该疗法的前提是掌握膝关节穿刺术，膝关节穿刺术临床入路方法很多，其中最经典的是“髌下”入路。为了提高膝关节一次性穿刺的成功率，减少患者痛苦，笔者提议将中国功夫之“鹰爪功”和“拔山功”融入膝关节穿刺的处置中。

Study on complexity of plant communities at different altitudes on the Northern Slope of Changbai Mountain

By the method of gradient pattern analysis, twenty plots were set at altitudes of 700-2600 m with an interval of 100 m on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountain. The dissimilarity of respective sub-plots in the same community was measured and the complexity of plant communities at different altitudes was analyzed. The result from binary data of tree species in canopy tree indicated that the sub-plots in the communities, except subalpine Betula ermanii forest, showed comparatively high dissimilarity in species composition. Especially, the dissimilarity index (0.7) of broadleaved/Korean pine forest at low altitudes was obviously higher than other communities. The differences are not obvious between communities referring to dark coniferous forest. Comparatively, the dissimilarity in sub-plots of the communities at altitude of 1400 m was slightly higher than that of other communities, which reflected the complexity of tree species compositions of transitory-type communities. For subalpine Betula ermanii forest, tree species composition was simple and showed a high similarity between sub-plots. The results derived from binary data of shrub showed that the dissimilarity index of shrub species in broadleaved/Korean pine forest at low altitudes was higher than that in other communities, but the divergence tendency wasn抰 so obvious as that of arbor species. The dissimilarity derived from binary data of herb and all plant species at different altitudes showed greatly close tendency, and the differences in herb and all plant species between sub-plots were the greatest for the communities of broad-leaved-Korean pine forest and alpine tundra zone..

Distributional patterns of species diversity of main plant communities along altitudinal gradient in secondary forest region,Guandi Mountain,China

Fourteen plots were chosen along with the altitude of 1600-2600 m in Guandi Mountain, Shanxi Province, China to investigate all the trees in the plots, and the species diversity indexes were calculated for analyzing the effects of altitudinal gradient on plant species diversity. The results showed that the order of dominant species from low altitude to high altitude is as Quercus liaotungensis Koidz, Pinus tabulaeformis, Betula platyphylla, B. albo-sinensis, Picea wilsonii, P. Meyeri and Larix principis-rupprechtii. With altitude increasing, the average height and DBH of the arbor firstly increase and then decrease, the maximal height and DBH of the arbor present the unimodal variable trend, the maximal height of coniferous and broad-leaved trees firstly increases and then decreases, the maximal DBH of broad-leaf trees has no clear fluctuation, and the maximal DBH of the needle-leaf trees decreases gradually. Moreover, in middle altitudinal communities （the altitude of 1900-2200 m）, the maximal height and DBH of the needle-leaf trees are larger than these of broad-leaf trees. Both Shannon-wiener index and Margalef index of the communities present the unimodal variable trend, with a peak in the mid-altitude. Plant species diversity in the mid-altitude （1900-2200 m） is higher than that of the low altitude （1600-1900 m） and the high altitude （2200-2600 m）. In addition, the unimodal variable trend of α species diversity is clearly correlated with the altitudinal gradient. The change of plant species diversity is significantly correlated with the altitudinal gradient, and also related to the community structure, the community composition, the feature of species and the human disturbance.

Study on Species Diversity of Alpine Vegetation with Different Altitudes in Daban Mountain

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate species diversity of alpine vegetation in different altitudes of Daban mountain. [Method] Plant communities were surveyed in three different altitudes （3 025 m,3 405 m,3 813 m） of Daban mountain,the eastern Qilian,and the richness or diversity index of vegetation in three different altitudes was comparatively analyzed. [Result] The species richness decreased with the gradual increase of altitude,and species diversity of plant communities was relatively lower in medium altitude. Furthermore,community similarity also decreased with the increase of altitude,and β diversity of communities had a significant change. [Conclusion] Environmental factor change caused by different altitudes and human disturbance are important reasons for the change of species distribution pattern in different altitudes.

The changes of co-possession of plant species between communities with altitudes on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

Twenty plots were investigated on northern slope of Changbai Mountain at an attitude interval of 100 m (from 700 to 2600 m). The species co-possession between plant communities at different altitudes was analyzed by Jaccard index. The analytical results showed that the co-possession calculated according to species in different layers or all species between adjacent communities was higher than that between disjunct communities. The co-possessions between adjacent communities calculated by species in different layers had comparability and dissimilarity. If the two adjacent communities belong to different types of vegetation, then their co-possession was lower. The peak values and valley values of species co-possession between communities along elevation gradient just matched vegetation gradient patterns, and species subrogation of shrubs had more obvious rule on northern slope of Changbai Mountain. Co-possessions between communities with same altitude difference were much similar, and it decreased as the increase of elevation difference, which showed that species compositions in different layers of the communities were highly related.

生态清洁小流域水土保持治理设计分析

建立具有水土平衡的生态经济功能是治理清洁小流域的重要保障,对小流域周边水土流失进行治理、减轻入库泥沙量,对人们日常饮水、防洪安全及周边环境具有重要意义。本文以拔山小流域生态治理工程建设为例,设计采用生态清洁小流域水土保持措施治理,项目完工后,各项指标均达到设计标准,生态环境大为改善,取得了较好的经济和社会效益。

《垓下歌》与《大风歌》对读赏析

在秦末风起云涌的农民大起义中,真是“豪杰蜂起,相与并争,不可胜数.”(《史记》卷七)其中,项羽和刘邦则最为著名。在“豪杰亡秦”和“楚汉逐鹿”过程中,他们是南征北战,叱咤风云的英雄;同时,令人惊叹的是,在文学史上,两人又都留传了一首震古铄今的骚体诗歌。他们的诗后人分别称作《垓下歌》和《大风歌》。

漂泊卖艺,青年教师为爱妻生命远征

原本是对幸福鸟邹红军初识张秀玲是在1987年中秋节。同在重庆市开县音乐师范学校读书的忠县籍学生举行同乡聚会。那天的晚会由已是二年级学生的邹红军主持。化妆舞会开始后,邹红军见有一位女生静坐在角落里,便戴着山羊假面具向她走了过去。可那女生却显得十分羞怯,邹红军便给她打气:"别怕,我又不会吃了你!"腼腆的小女生终于站了起来。两人边跳边聊,不知不觉中竟突然产生了一种相见恨晚的感觉。两人于是成了朋友。随着接触的愈来愈多,张秀玲发觉邹红军多才多艺,坚毅正直,乐观幽默;邹红军则认为张秀玲清纯靓丽,不娇不媚,朴实大方。两人彼此间的好感与日俱增。

乌江自刎

风乍起,云翻滚,乌江横,项羽执剑向天:刘邦小儿,恁如此滑贼,耗我气力,避我精锐,乘虚而入,乘人之危,算个鸟雄,我项羽,怕个谁,急得紧与你单挑,你敢向前?!娘给了我八尺身躯,力能扛鼎,小来未曾好好念书,却长了天大志向。

“洪荒之力”竟然不是最大的力

在里约奥运会女子100米仰泳决赛上,中国选手傅园慧摘得铜牌。在此前半决赛后接受采访时,她凭借一句＂我已经用了‘洪荒之力’了!＂一举成为奥运红人。那么,＂洪荒之力＂到底是多大的力？国家地震局在官方微博中对洪荒之力作出解释：洪荒,是指地球形成以后早期状态,一切都在混沌蒙昧之中,那时候的地壳很薄,地震频发,温度极高,造山运动引发了多次大洪水。经过几轮造山运动后,地球上的大气环流逐步建立,地壳也趋于稳定。可见,洪荒之力,确实很强大。

Comparison of Soil Organic Carbon Content in Different Soil Types of Wuyi Mountains

[Objective] The aim was to explore the soil organic carbon（SOC）content from different types of soil and its influencing factors.[Method] Soil samples were collected from Wuyi Mountains,and the physical and chemical properties were measured and the relationship between SOC content and soil physical and chemical properties,altitude,average annual temperature was analyzed.[Result] SOC content ranged from 14.91 to 112.34 g/kg,and SOC content was significant positive correlated with available nutrients（available N,P and K）and total nitrogen.[Conclusion] This study indicated that the physical and chemical properties of soil,altitude,average annual temperature had a significant influence on the SOC content of Wuyi Mountains.

Distribution and Estimation of Aboveground Biomass of Alpine Shrubs along an Altitudinal Gradient in a Small Watershed of the Qilian Mountains, China

Shrublands serve as an important component of terrestrial ecosystems, and play an important role in structure and functions of alpine ecosystem.Accurate estimation of biomass is critical to examination of the productivity of alpine ecosystems, due to shrubification under climate change in past decades.In this study, 14 experimental plots and 42 quadrates of the shrubs Potentilla fruticosa and Caragana jubata were selected along altitudes gradients from 3220 to 3650 m a.s.l.(above sea level) on semi-sunny and semi-shady slope in Hulu watershed of Qilian Mountains, China.The foliage, woody component and total aboveground biomass per quadrate were examined using a selective destructive method, then the biomass were estimated via allometric equations based on measured parameters for two shrub species.The results showed that C.jubata accounted for 1–3 times more biomass(480.98 g/m2) than P.fruticosa(191.21 g/m2).The aboveground biomass of both the shrubs varied significantly with altitudinal gradient(P<0.05).Woody component accounted for the larger proportion than foliage component in the total aboveground biomass.The biomass on semi-sunnyslopes(200.27 g/m2 and 509.07 g/m2) was greater than on semi-shady slopes(182.14 g/m2 and 452.89g/m2) at the same altitude band for P.fruticosa and C.jubata.In contrast, the foliage biomass on semi-shady slopes(30.50 g/m2) was greater than on semi-sunny slopes(27.51 g/m2) for two shrubs.Biomass deceased with increasing altitude for P.fruticosa, whereas C.jubata showed a hump-shaped pattern with altitude.Allometric equations were obtained from the easily descriptive parameters of height(H), basal diameter(D) and crown area(C) for biomass of C.jubata and P.fruticosa.Although the equations type and variables comprising of the best model varied among the species, all equations related to biomass were significant(P < 0.005), with determination coefficients(R2) ranging from 0.81 to 0.96.The allometric equations satisfied the requirements of the model, and can be used to estimate the regional scale biomass of P.fruticosa and C.jubata in alpine ecosystems of the Qilian Mountains.

Identification of Ice Elevation Change of the Shuiguan River No.4 Glacier in the Qilian Mountains,China

GPS measurement,an effective method for surveying glacier surface topography,has been applied in some glaciers for many years.The Shuiguan River No.4 glacier,a small glacier with its area of 1.84 km2 in 1972,located in the east of the Qilian Mountains,China,was selected to study its ice elevation change using GPS measurement in 2007.This study was conducted on the ablation area with GPS-measured area 0.5 km2.The ice elevation change of the glacier was obtained by comparing the DEM obtained by a 1:50 000 topographic map made in 1972 with the DEM by GPS-measured data acquired in 2007.The differences of the two DEMs showed the thinning condition of the glacier was apparent.The mean thinning was 15±8 m with the mean thinning rate of 0.42±0.22 m a-1 for 1972-2007 in the measurement area,which equaled 0.38±0.20 m yr-1 in water equivalent(w.e.).The prominent thinning occurred on the south part of the glacier,which was the area near the glacier terminus with the maximum thinning of 41±8 m.Assuming the thinning value of 15±8 m for the glacier area below 4640 m a.s.l.,the wasting ice mass was calculated to be 6.4±3.2×10-3 km3 for 1972-2007,corresponding to 5.7±2.8×10-3 km3 w.e.,which meant that the montane runoff released by the glacier was at least 5.7±2.8×106 m3 between 1972-2007.

Relationship between autonomic nervous system function and acute mountain sickness

Objective: To elucidate the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in acute mountain sickness (AMS) during the initial phase at acute high-altitude exposure. Methods: Ninety-nine healthy sea-level residents rapidly ascended to Tibet plateau (3 675 m altitude) by airplane from Chengdu plain (560 m altitude). ANS function was tested in plain and day 2–4 in Tibet by heart rate variability (HRV), cold pressor test (CPT). AMS was evaluated by clinic symptomatic scores. All subjects were divided into non-AMS group (57, scores≤4) and AMS group (42, scores>4). Results: Compared with non-AMS group, AMS group had higher standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of delta RR (rMSSD), low-frequency (LF) power, and normalized low-frequency (LFnu) power in plain (P<0.05). After arrival at 3 675 m altitude, AMS group had greater reduction in percentage of delta RR>50 ms(PNN50), rMSSD (P<0.01) and SDNN, LF, total power (TP) (P<0.05). Although no significant differences in the increase of SP and DP during CPT were found between 2 groups in plain, the SP increase during CPT of AMS group was less than non-AMS group (P<0.05) at 3 675 m altitude. AMS symptomatic scores was not only positively correlated with SDNN, rMSSD, LF/HF in plain (P<0.05), but also negatively correlated with HFnu in plain (P<0.05). Conclusion: During the initial high altitude exposure, ANS modulation is generally blunted, but the relatively predominant sympathetic control is enhanced, and this characteristic change of ANS function is positively correlated with the development of AMS.

Medical mountain rescue in the Yushu Earthquake: Have lessons been learned?

On April 14,2010,an earthquake reaching Richter scale 7.1 struck Jiegu Town of Yushu,a mountain rescue operation promptly launched. All injurers had a direct assess to take medical care,and were immediately rescued and rapidly evacuated by air to Xining and Golmud at lower altitudes and admitted to advanced hospitals. Almost all of the injurers have been completely recovered. Yushu Earthquake was one of the highest earthquakes in the world,with a high incidence of acute altitude illness,which was observed in about 80 % of the lowland rescuers at an altitude of 4 000 m."Rescue the rescuers"became the major task of Qinghai-Tibetan rescue teams,all the severe patients were rapidly descended to Xining and treated promptly and effectively. The outcome was excellent,all patients survived. After the earthquake,it is a long and arduous task to reconstruct what has been destroyed. Medical teams continue to work in the Yushu Earthquake area because about 30 000 workers and carders are now here for rebuilding the earthquake center. Thus the prevention and treatment of altitude illness are still critical tasks for medical teams. Although all the fights are successful,there are more experiences and lessons we have learned from the medical mountain rescue during the earthquake and the reconstruction,and reports here are to sum up our experiences from the medical mountain rescue operation in Yushu Earthquake and draw the lessons that we should learn. With the increasing of earthquake probability occurring in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,we also should prepare against earthquake disasters and for further rescue training in the high mountains.