豆科根瘤拟菌体周膜来源和扩增方式的多样性

豆科植物根瘤内的共生拟菌体需有周膜包围。田菁［Ｓｅｓｂａｎｉａ ｃａｎｎａｂｉｎａ （Ｒｅｔｚ．） Ｐｅｒｓ．］、大豆［Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍ ａｘ （Ｌ．） Ｍｅｒｒ．］和豌豆（Ｐｉｓｕｍ ｓａｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）的根瘤拟菌体周膜内有多个拟菌体。在周膜形成和周膜内的拟菌体由１ 个到多个的根瘤发育过程中，要有大量的膜来源和周膜的扩增才能适应这种生理变化。同一种根瘤内周膜扩增有周膜间的镶嵌融合，周膜与内质网及其小泡、小液泡膜融合等多种方式。细胞化学表明：周膜、质膜和内质网膜具有相同型的ＡＴＰ酶，周膜是一种嵌合膜，与质膜、内质网膜和液泡膜有共性。

沙打旺根瘤超微结构研究

目的 对沙打旺根瘤中心组织的超微结构进行研究,并讨论拟菌体的衰老及PHB颗粒的变化。方法 石蜡切片法和超薄切片法。结果 通过对沙打旺根瘤的显微和超微结构观察发现:其根瘤显微结构由4部分组成,由外向内依次为:保护层、皮层、鞘细胞层和中心组织(侵染组织)。在中心组织的侵染细胞中,拟菌体的衰老具有一定的规律,开始拟菌体的周膜和细胞壁变得凹凸不平,但周膜仍几乎较紧地包裹着拟菌体,细胞质染色变浅,纤维状的核物质不明显,并出现大量的β 多羟基丁酸盐(PHB)颗粒,沿着拟菌体的细胞壁分布。后来,拟菌体的周膜开始变得模糊,细胞质凝缩为电子致密的团块状物质,与电子透明的区域相间排列,此时PHB颗粒消失。结论 沙打旺根瘤中心组织的侵染细胞中,拟菌体的衰老具有一定的规律。

发育过程中田菁根瘤超微结构的变化

有人作过木本的大花田菁根瘤的显微观察。近来对毛里塔尼亚田菁茎瘤形成和结构也有报道。在我国栽种比较广泛的普通田菁(Sesbania canabina)根瘤的超微结构尚缺乏详细资料。β-多羟基丁酸盐(pH B)颗粒在很多细菌、放线菌和蓝绿藻中均有发现,在根瘤菌和固氮拟菌体内也大量存在。关于 pH B 的生理作用。

豌豆根瘤侵染细胞衰老过程的电镜观察

用透射电镜观察了豌豆根瘤侵染细胞在衰老过程中的超微结构变化,结果表明,侵染细胞和拟菌体的衰老有一定的规律和特征,首先是一些包裹拟菌体的包囊变得疏松,包囊和拟菌体之间出现较大间隙,间隙中常有一些纤维状和泡状物质。然后,细胞质失去正常结构,逐渐凝聚为染色很深的团块,进而完全泡状化。伴随着拟菌体的衰老,寄主细胞质染色由深变浅,细胞器逐渐减少。最后,液泡和质膜相继破裂,细胞完全瓦解。有时在衰老细胞的胞间隙,或在衰老的细胞质中有一些年轻的细菌,甚至在一片崩溃的拟菌体中还有侵染丝,有的还正在向寄主细胞质释放细菌。

Mechanism of bioleaching chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in agar-simulated extracellular polymeric substances media

The mechanism of leaching chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans （,4. ferrooxidans） in agar-simulated extracellular polymeric substances （EPS） media was investigated. The results indicate that bacterial EPS can release H＋ and concentrate Fe3＋; Fe2＋ is movable between agar-simulated EPS phase and bulk solution phase, but it is difficult for Fe3＋ to move due to its hydroxylation and EPS complex action; A. ferrooxidans first prefer Fe2＋ as energy to metabolize compared with chalcopyrite, and a suitable simulated EPS environment for bacterial living is at about pH 1.8; the iron precipitates and jarosites formed by a lot of biologically oxidized Fe3 cover the simulated EPS easily and form an impermeable deposit acting as a limited barrier of ion transport that attenuates the aggressiveness of the bioleaching attack. The EPS layer blocked by iron precipitates or jarosites is responsible for the chalcopyrite passivation.

Heat Transfer Analysis of Sterilization of Canned Milk Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations

A uniform and effective heat distribution inside the canned milk is very crucial for achieving effective sterilization. It is extremely difficult to establish the temperature profile inside the canned milk during continuous industrial scale operation. Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulation can be a useful tool to determine the temperature distribution of the fluid inside the can during the sterilization process. A CFD model was developed for the sterilization of canned milk at 121 ~C. The simulation results were validated with the experimental measurements of temperatures. The formation and movement of slowest heating zone （SHZ） during the sterilization process was tracked. Moreover, effect of can position （vertical and horizontal） during processing on milk temperature distribution inside the can was also investigated. Higher Grashof and Rayleigh numbers were obtained for vertical positioning of can compared to horizontal can processing. Further, effectiveness of the process was calculated based on F-value and these results reinforced the positive effect of horizontal position of can during the sterilization process.