“拿摩温”与近代外国在华企业工人管理制度本土化——以英美烟公司为中心的考察

外国企业在进入中国以后,借鉴了中国传统的通过地缘、血缘等本土关系网络管理、控制工人的拿摩温制度,将其移植到工厂管理中,利用拿摩温控制工人言行,提高生产效率,压迫工人的政治活动,也降低了车间管理成本,是外国在华企业在内部管理制度方面实施本土化策略的一个显著特征。随着拿摩温势力的增长,其逐渐成为外国企业制度改革的障碍,尽管外国企业采取多种措施,却始终未能消除拿摩温对工人的实际控制。拿摩温与外国企业的关系,体现了本土非正规制度对西方企业制度本土化的影响及其特征。

广宇中的一声惊雷——读夏衍的《包身工》

夏衍同志的《包身工》,是我国报告文学的一篇奠基作品。它写于1935年,发表在1936年6月出版的《光明》创刊号上。当时,日本帝国主义的侵略魔爪从我国东北伸向内地,国民党反动政府开门揖盗,沦人民于水深火热之中。人民在受难中觉醒,革命斗争正向新的高潮发展。

Therapeutic Effect Observation on Combined Tuina with Warm Needling Moxibustion for Adhesive Shoulder Periarthritis

Objective： To observe the clinical effect of combined tuina manipulation and warm needling moxibustion for adhesive shoulder periarthritis （ASP）. Methods： A total of 182 cases with ASP were randomized into an observation group of 93 cases and a control group of 89 cases. The observation group employs combined tuina and warm needling moxibustion, whereas the control group employs warm needling therapy alone. For both groups, the treatment was conducted once every other day; 10 times made up one session. The function and range of motion of the shoulder joint were observed and graded prior to treatment and 1 session after treatment. Results： The recovery rate and the total effective rate in the observation group were 65.6% and 97.9% respectively, versus 11.2% and 85.4% in the control group, indicating a statistical significance （P0.01）. After treatment, the scores of the shoulder joint function and joint range of motion in both groups were significantly increased （P0.01, P0.05）, and the scores in the observation group were higher than that in the control group （P0.01）. Conclusion： Combined tuina and warm needling therapy can obtain better effect than warm needling therapy alone.

Clinical Observation on Tuina plus Warm Needling Moxibustion for Lumbar Disc Herniation

Objective： To observe the therapeutic efficacy of tuina plus warm needling moxibustion for lumbar disc herniation （LDH）. Methods： A total of 90 LDH cases were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 45 in each group. Cases in the observation group received tuina and warm needling moxibustion, whereas cases in the control group received tuina manipulation alone. Results： The total effective rate in the observation group was 88.9%, versus 75.6% in the control group, showing a statistical significance （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Tuina in combination with warm needling moxibustion works better than tuina manipulation alone for LDH.

Experimental study on the influence of pressing force and time on thermal effect of An-pressing manipulation

Objective:To observe the influence of pressing force and time on the thermal effect of An-pressing manipulation.Methods:Eight healthy volunteers were recruited to receive An-pressing manipulation at Xinshu (BL 15) on the right side.The pressing force and time were both divided into five levels:the force described as extremely mild,mild,moderate,strong and extremely strong and time given by 2.5 min,5.0 min,7.5 min,10.0 min and 15.0 min.The real-time change in local acupoint temperature as well as the change during 1.0-15.0 min after the manipulation were observed.Results:Compared with the baseline data,the real-time changes in the temperature after An-pressing Xinshu (BL 15) on the right side with different levels of force (from mild to strong) were respectively (1.88t0.64) ℃,(2.05±0.68) ℃,(2.25±0.59) ℃,(2.35±0.61) ℃ and (2.32±0.69) ℃;the changes in 15.0 min after the manipulation were respectively (-0.11±0.11) ℃,(0.03±0.14) ℃,(0.59±0.58) ℃,(1.38±0.70) ℃ and (2.09±0.98) ℃.The real-time temperature changes after the manipulation for different durations (from short to long) were respectively (1.94±0.37) ℃,(2.33±0.29) ℃,(2.49±0.31) ℃,(2.51±0.39) ℃ and (2.41±0.55) ℃;the changes in 15.0 min after the manipulation were respectively (0.53±0.49) ℃,(0.33±0.30) ℃,(0.52±0.33) ℃,(0.55±0.38) ℃ and (0.76±0.36) ℃.Conclusion:The thermal effect presented an increasing tendency with the extension of pressing time,and the temperature reached the top at 7.5 min;the thermal effect showed an increasing tendency with the rise of pressing force,and the temperature reached the top upon a moderate level of force.The pressing time can produce a greater influence on the real-time temperature than the pressing force;the pressing force can produce a greater influence on maintaining the temperature than the pressing time.

Orthogonal test on local temperature influenced by different parameters and manipulation types of An-pressing Xinshu (BL 15)

Objective:To explore the optimal thermal effect parameter combination of An-pressing manipulation based on the pressing force, time and frequency, and to compare the thermal effect differences between the rhythmic and the continuous An-pressing manipulations. Methods:Three levels of light, moderate and heavy pressing forces were determined according to the An-pressing forces of the clinical tuina physicians;the pressing time and frequency parameters were determined according to the literatures about An-pressing manipulation. The volunteers were stimulated by the homemade An-pressing manipulation stimulator on the right Xinshu (BL 15), and then the three-factor and three-level orthogonal tests were carried out according to the test sequence specified by the L9(34) orthogonal table, and the temperature before and after pressing was recorded by an infrared thermal imaging system to screen the best parameters for the thermal effect of the An-pressing manipulation, thus to determine the optimal pressing parameters. The optimal parameters were then used for both continuous and rhythmic An-pressing manipulations to stimulate the bilateral Xinshu (BL 15). The temperature changes after pressing and the duration of the thermal effect (temperature difference ≤0.5℃ on both sides) were recorded by the infrared thermal imaging system, to explore the differences in the thermal effects of different An-pressing manipulations. Results:Among the three factors of pressing force, time and frequency, the influences of different pressing forces on temperature were significantly different (F=32.843,P=0.030), and the influence of 2.5 kg pressing force was the most significant;the effects of different pressing time on temperature were significantly different (F=54.102,P=0.018), and the pressing time of 7.5 min was the most significant;the influences of different pressing frequencies on temperature were not statistically significant (F=2.181,P=0.314), though the influence of 10 times/min pressing frequency was the largest. The influences on temperature difference of the rhythmic and the continuous An-pressing manipulations were significantly different (P=0.031 on the left side andP=0.045 on the right side), but there was no statistical difference in the duration of the thermal effect (P=0.690). Conclusion:The An-pressing manipulation parameters that significantly affect the temperature difference are pressing force and time. The optimal combination of thermal effect parameters is pressing force of 2.5 kg, time of 7.5 min, and frequency of 10 times/min. The local thermal effect of the rhythmic An-pressing manipulation is significantly greater than of the continuous An-pressing manipulation.

Clinical Study on Warming Needle Moxibustion plus Tuina for Shoulder Periarthritis

Objective： In order to compare the therapeutic effects between warming needle moxibustion plus Tuina therapy and single Tuina therapy for shoulder periarthritis. Methods： By random single blind control method, 80 cases were divided randomly into Group A （single Tuina group） and Group B （warming needle method plus Tuina group）, 40 cases in each group. Results： The effective rate was 95.0% in Group B and 85.0% in Group A, without significant difference （P〉0.05） in comparison between two groups. In assessment of Visual Analogue Scale, there was obvious decrease in both groups before and after the treatments （P〈0.01）. In comparison of VAS score differences between the two groups after the treatments, there was remarkable significant difference （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： Warming needle moxibustion plus Tuina is better than single Tuina therapy in stopping pain.

Clinical observation on warm needling moxibustion plus tuina for cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type

Objective: To observe the clinical effect of warm needling moxibustion plus Kai Qing Long Suo tuina therapy (opening the Qing Long lock, one type of 'Eight and a Half Locks' tuina therapy) for cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type (CSA). Methods: Sixty patients with CSA were randomly allocated into an observation group or a control group, with 30 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with warm needling moxibustion plus Kai Qing Long Suo tuina therapy, while the control group was treated with warm needling moxibustion alone. Warm needling moxibustion was conducted once every other day and tuina was con ducted once a day, 7-day treatme nts for one course. The clin ical efficacy and vertebral artery blood flow was observed after one course of treatment. Results: After treatment, the total effective rate was 93.3% in the observation group versus 80.0% in the control group, and there was a significant differenee between the two groups (P<0.05). After treatment, the systolic blood flow velocity of vertebral artery increased in both groups, with statistical significanee compared with that before treatment (both P<0.05), and the blood flow velocity in the observation group was faster than that in the control group, with statistical significanee between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Both warm needling moxibustion plus Kai Qing Long Suo tuina therapy and warm needling moxibustion alone are both effective for CSA, can improve the systolic blood flow velocity of vertebral artery. The curative effect of warm needling moxibusiton plus Kai Qing Long Suo tuina therapy is better than that of warm needling moxibustion alone.

Therapeutic observation of warm needling moxibustion plus tuina for knee osteoarthritis due to cold-dampness blocking collaterals

Objective： To observe the clinical efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus tuina in treating knee osteoarthritis （KOA） due to cold-dampness blocking collaterals. Methods： Forty-eight KOA patients were randomized into 2 groups by their visiting sequence, 24 cases in each group. The treatment group was intervened by warm needling moxibustion plus tuina, while the control group was treated with acupuncture plus tuina. The two groups were both treated once a day, 30 min for each session, 10 d as a treatment course, totally for 3 treatment courses. The visual analogue scale （VAS） and Lysholm knee scoring scale （LKSS） were observed before and after the treatment to evaluate the clinical efficacy. Results： After 3 treatment courses, the VAS and LKSS scores were significantly changed in the two groups （P〈0.01）, and the between-group differences were also statistically significant （P〈0.01）. The markedly-effective rate was 83.3% in the treatment group versus 66.7% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： Warm needling moxibustion plus tuina can produce a more significant efficacy than acupuncture plus tuina in treating KOA due to cold-dampness blocking collaterals.

Therapeutic efficacy observation of warm needling moxibustion plus Tuina for knee osteoarthritis

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage)for knee osteoarthritis(KOA).Methods A total of 60 patients with KOA were randomized into an observation group and a control group by the random number table,with 30 cases in each group.The control group was treated with warm needling moxibustion,and the observation group was treated with additional Tuina treatment.The treatments were performed once every other day,for a total of 10 times.The visual analog scale(VAS)and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index(WOMAC)were scored before and after treatment,and the surface electromyography(sEMG)signals of quadriceps femoris were collected.Results The total effective rate of the control group was 76.7%,and that of the observation group was 90.0%.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).The WOMAC and VAS scores in both groups after treatment were improved,and the integrated electromyography(iEMG)and median frequency(MF)of quadriceps femoris were increased.The intra-group differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).After treatment,the WOMAC and VAS scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group,and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).The improvement of quadriceps femoris function in the observation group was more notable than that in the control group,and the iEMG value and MF were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion Warming needling moxibustion plus Tuina can effectively relieve the pain in patients with KOA,improve their daily activity function,and increase the sEMG signals of the quadriceps femoris.

Clinical observation on moxibustion at Baihui(GV20)plus Tuina for children with postnasal drip syndrome

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of moxibustion at Baihui(GV20)plus Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage)for children with postnasal drip syndrome(PNDS).Methods:A total of 60 cases were divided into an observation group and a control group according to the random number table method,with 30 cases in each group.Cases in the control group received mometasone furoate nasal spray and nasal irrigation with 0.9%normal saline.Cases in the observation group received additional moxibustion at Baihui(GV20)plus Tuina at the head and face.All the cases were treated for four consecutive weeks.The clinical efficacy and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)symptoms score were compared between the two groups.Results:The total effective rate of the observation group was 93.3%while that of the control group was 70.0%.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).After treatment,the TCM symptom scores in both groups declined significantly,showing a statistical difference from that before treatment(P<0.05),and the score of the observation group was notably lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The clinical efficacy of moxibustion at Baihui(GV20)plus Tuina at the head and face on the basis of nasal spray with Western medicine is more significant than that of Western medicine alone for PNDS in children.