This paper presents the detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, providing a clear picture of sustainability...This paper presents the detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, providing a clear picture of sustainability for the province. Results show that the ecological footprints of most cities in Liaoning exceeded their respective bio-capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province as a whole was 1.31 ha/cap. Those cities with resources extraction and/or primary material-making as their major industries constitute the "ecologically black band", whose ecological deficits ranged from 2.45 to 5.23 ha/cap, the highest of all cities in the province. Fossil energy consumption was the major source of footprint amounting to 1.63 ha/cap at the provincial level, taking up 67.3% of the total. For cropland, modest ecological surpluses occurred in Jinzhou, Tieling, Huludao, and Panjin while modest ecological deficits in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus for the province. Liaoning had a certain level of surplus in fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, Jinzhou, and Dandong. Most cities had a small ecological deficit in pasture and all had a small ecological surplus in forest. The eco-efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) more than 10 times the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high-tech, and better developed service industries had high eco-efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material-making, and less developed service industries had low eco-efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning’s development toward a sustainable future.展开更多
This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility betwee...This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility between the mineral resources distribution and regional economic development.Significant issues with China's mineral resource industry cause challenges for the sustainable development of both the mining industry and the national socio-economy.The sustainability of regional mineral resources and the environmental pollution by mining in the western China were also analyzed.Results show that the distribution of China's mineral resources is misaligned with its regional layout of economic development.China's mineral resources have been over-exploited,and the mineral resources production in the eastern China is unsustainable.The continuously expanding production of mineral resources in the western China has heavily endangered the ecological environment.We propose strategies to boost the sustainable development of mineral resources,including measures to accelerate economic development and enhance the sustainability of domestic mineral resources.We also offer suggestions for scientifically planning the mineral resource prospecting and exploitation and regional economic layout,as well as for proactively undertaking industry transfer in the eastern China and raising the environmental benchmark requirements for the mineral industry in the central and western China.展开更多
Rapidly developing cities are under continuous physical and social changes which make sustainable urban growth concept a matured line of thinking. They are therefore, in need of restructuring to contain these changes....Rapidly developing cities are under continuous physical and social changes which make sustainable urban growth concept a matured line of thinking. They are therefore, in need of restructuring to contain these changes. Likewise, Khartoum is growing rapidly and is subjected to continual transformation. It started in Independence Day （1/1/1956） by 〈3% of Sudan population and reached 16.8% in 2010 while its physical block grew beyond imagination. The objective of this paper is to throw light on Khartoum rapid growth change effects which necessitated implementation of a revolutionary restructuring programme. At first, huge rural influxes were absorbed and later physical distortions were corrected. This included squatter settlements＇ treatment to strengthen urban fabric, reallocation of incompatible urban functions, revitalization of the CBD （central business district） and other urban renewal schemes. Transportation lines were extended to ease people mobility and higher population concentrations were diluted, particularly the filthy slums. Old neighbourhoods, traditional villages, etc. were re-planned and popular physical development was encouraged. The restructuring programme appropriated population distribution, administrative districts, new local markets＇ locations and urban activities＇ distribution. The programme attained social benefits, particularly availing shelter and essential social services. Difficulties from relocation processes were encountered but settlements＇ regularization achieved social justice and sustained urban growth.展开更多
The paper considers the problem of representing non-Markovian systems that evolve stochastically over time. It is often necessary to use approximations in the case the system is non-Markovian. Phase type distribution ...The paper considers the problem of representing non-Markovian systems that evolve stochastically over time. It is often necessary to use approximations in the case the system is non-Markovian. Phase type distribution is by now indispensable tool in creation of stochastic system models. The paper suggests a method and software for evaluating stochastic systems approximations by Markov chains with continuous time and countable state space. The performance of a system is described in the event language used for generating the set of states and transition matrix between them. The example of a numerical model is presented.展开更多
Lack of information about the available species of mushroom, the distribution along different ecological zones and purposes for which they have been used has hampered their domestication for sustainable production. Th...Lack of information about the available species of mushroom, the distribution along different ecological zones and purposes for which they have been used has hampered their domestication for sustainable production. This study assessed the diversity, distribution and uses of wild edible mushrooms in Ekiti State. The study area was stratified based on vegetation distribution into two zones （rainforest and derived savanna zones）. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 80 randomly selected respondents for data collection. Descriptive statistical technique of frequency counts and percentages were used to summarize the data. Information from the study revealed that 52.5% and 67.5% of the respondents are above 50 years in the rain forest and the derived savannah vegetation, respectively. About 57.5% and 47.5% of the respondents had at least secondary education in the rainforest and derived savannah vegetation, respectively, while majority of the respondents with over 20 years of collection experience carried out their hunting in free areas outside forest reserve in both ecological zones. Twenty different species of mushroom are collected at different period of the year for consumption. The study recommended that government should checkmate further destruction of the remaining natural forest to ensure continued availability of these mushrooms.展开更多
基金Excellence midlife and youth teacher foundation of Ministry of Education No.1711
文摘This paper presents the detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, providing a clear picture of sustainability for the province. Results show that the ecological footprints of most cities in Liaoning exceeded their respective bio-capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province as a whole was 1.31 ha/cap. Those cities with resources extraction and/or primary material-making as their major industries constitute the "ecologically black band", whose ecological deficits ranged from 2.45 to 5.23 ha/cap, the highest of all cities in the province. Fossil energy consumption was the major source of footprint amounting to 1.63 ha/cap at the provincial level, taking up 67.3% of the total. For cropland, modest ecological surpluses occurred in Jinzhou, Tieling, Huludao, and Panjin while modest ecological deficits in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus for the province. Liaoning had a certain level of surplus in fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, Jinzhou, and Dandong. Most cities had a small ecological deficit in pasture and all had a small ecological surplus in forest. The eco-efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) more than 10 times the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high-tech, and better developed service industries had high eco-efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material-making, and less developed service industries had low eco-efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning’s development toward a sustainable future.
文摘This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility between the mineral resources distribution and regional economic development.Significant issues with China's mineral resource industry cause challenges for the sustainable development of both the mining industry and the national socio-economy.The sustainability of regional mineral resources and the environmental pollution by mining in the western China were also analyzed.Results show that the distribution of China's mineral resources is misaligned with its regional layout of economic development.China's mineral resources have been over-exploited,and the mineral resources production in the eastern China is unsustainable.The continuously expanding production of mineral resources in the western China has heavily endangered the ecological environment.We propose strategies to boost the sustainable development of mineral resources,including measures to accelerate economic development and enhance the sustainability of domestic mineral resources.We also offer suggestions for scientifically planning the mineral resource prospecting and exploitation and regional economic layout,as well as for proactively undertaking industry transfer in the eastern China and raising the environmental benchmark requirements for the mineral industry in the central and western China.
文摘Rapidly developing cities are under continuous physical and social changes which make sustainable urban growth concept a matured line of thinking. They are therefore, in need of restructuring to contain these changes. Likewise, Khartoum is growing rapidly and is subjected to continual transformation. It started in Independence Day （1/1/1956） by 〈3% of Sudan population and reached 16.8% in 2010 while its physical block grew beyond imagination. The objective of this paper is to throw light on Khartoum rapid growth change effects which necessitated implementation of a revolutionary restructuring programme. At first, huge rural influxes were absorbed and later physical distortions were corrected. This included squatter settlements＇ treatment to strengthen urban fabric, reallocation of incompatible urban functions, revitalization of the CBD （central business district） and other urban renewal schemes. Transportation lines were extended to ease people mobility and higher population concentrations were diluted, particularly the filthy slums. Old neighbourhoods, traditional villages, etc. were re-planned and popular physical development was encouraged. The restructuring programme appropriated population distribution, administrative districts, new local markets＇ locations and urban activities＇ distribution. The programme attained social benefits, particularly availing shelter and essential social services. Difficulties from relocation processes were encountered but settlements＇ regularization achieved social justice and sustained urban growth.
文摘The paper considers the problem of representing non-Markovian systems that evolve stochastically over time. It is often necessary to use approximations in the case the system is non-Markovian. Phase type distribution is by now indispensable tool in creation of stochastic system models. The paper suggests a method and software for evaluating stochastic systems approximations by Markov chains with continuous time and countable state space. The performance of a system is described in the event language used for generating the set of states and transition matrix between them. The example of a numerical model is presented.
文摘Lack of information about the available species of mushroom, the distribution along different ecological zones and purposes for which they have been used has hampered their domestication for sustainable production. This study assessed the diversity, distribution and uses of wild edible mushrooms in Ekiti State. The study area was stratified based on vegetation distribution into two zones （rainforest and derived savanna zones）. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 80 randomly selected respondents for data collection. Descriptive statistical technique of frequency counts and percentages were used to summarize the data. Information from the study revealed that 52.5% and 67.5% of the respondents are above 50 years in the rain forest and the derived savannah vegetation, respectively. About 57.5% and 47.5% of the respondents had at least secondary education in the rainforest and derived savannah vegetation, respectively, while majority of the respondents with over 20 years of collection experience carried out their hunting in free areas outside forest reserve in both ecological zones. Twenty different species of mushroom are collected at different period of the year for consumption. The study recommended that government should checkmate further destruction of the remaining natural forest to ensure continued availability of these mushrooms.
