Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is the most advanced and representative technique in the field of therapeutic endoscopy and has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms,including early gastric c...Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is the most advanced and representative technique in the field of therapeutic endoscopy and has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms,including early gastric cancer.The major difference and advantage of ESD compared to existing endoscopic resection techniques,such as endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) and polypectomy,are the width and depth of the resection.Newly developed cutting devices,distal attachable endoscopic accessories,and an advanced electrosurgical unit have helped to overcome the limitations of therapeutic endoscopy in terms of lesion size,location,presence of fibrotic scarring,and accompanying ulcers.As a result,the indications for ESD have been expanded from the classical indication for EMR and polypectomy,and there is now support for a further expansion of ESD indications.At present,the most critical factor to consider in the decision of whether to perform ESD is the probability of unexpected lymph node metastasis.The guidelines for ESD are continually being updated and debated.In this review,we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the expanded guidelines,based on evidence found in the literature.展开更多
One effective and proven tool for managing risk is insurance. At the same time, insurers, reinsurers, insurance, and reinsurance brokers in search of the relevant value of their services in the eyes of insured and lon...One effective and proven tool for managing risk is insurance. At the same time, insurers, reinsurers, insurance, and reinsurance brokers in search of the relevant value of their services in the eyes of insured and long-term benefits are increasingly paying attention to the possibilities of nanotechnology. On one hand, insurers see unlimited possibilities of nanotechnology in preventive and repressive activity in relation to losses. The obstacle in this case, for high-tech companies, is stiff competition from companies which are not innovation leaders, but with the necessary influence and power at the international and national market. On the other hand, understanding the reasons for the application of nanotechnology in the conflict prevention activities of the insurer allows him to develop and implement a more flexible strategy for sustainable development of the business.展开更多
The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extr...The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extraction of natural resources and energy of the nature are considered and the ＂returns＂ to the same one and allows in evaluating relative potential the environment impacts generated. The present work had as objective to make an analysis of material and energy flows of the life cycle of three types of packaging for soft drinks： glass bottles of 390 mL, aluminum cans of 350 mL, and bottles of PET of 2,000 mL. The study considered processes since the extraction of raw materials for production of the packaging until the stages of recycling, after the consumption of the soft drink. For the research, an inventory analysis followed the LCA methodology. The main critical points of generation of negative environmental impact during the life cycle of each packaging had been the identified and quantified data in this study. The consumption of natural resources like water and other raw materials and energy, the generation of atmospheric emissions, solid wastes and wastewaters had been the analyzed categories. The results showed that, in accordance with the scenes and defined variables, the most important conclusion was that the bottle of glass presented a less favorable scene to the environment in comparison with other packaging.展开更多
Amman＇s land typology is characterized by hilly slopes, and this presents challenges and opportunities for architects and designers aiming at delivering sustainable buildings. The research focuses on the importance o...Amman＇s land typology is characterized by hilly slopes, and this presents challenges and opportunities for architects and designers aiming at delivering sustainable buildings. The research focuses on the importance of any site＇s given criteria, mainly its slope and topography on the delivery of sustainable buildings. Amman city consists broadly of two main types of buildings, apartment buildings and villas, by studying each type of building with regard to its environmental context on a given site in the city, the research seeks to identify the sustainable variables that site topography delimit or facilitate, using a set of attributes for each building type. The main objective of this research is to highlight the sustainable approach for building on sloped sites throughout the building project life-cycle in general, and to set a sustainability framework for designers during the initial design phase in particular. A number of case studies for both types of buildings are studied and analysed, and conclusions are given based on syntheses of available data from literature review or case analysis. At the end, the research provides a mechanism for the development of guidelines for sustainable and passive viability on preferred buildings orientation in hilly areas with regard to local climatic data.展开更多
Rainwater tanks have been an integral part of the Australian landscape given the vital role these tanks have played over the years in rural Australia. In the past Local government and Water Authorities actively discou...Rainwater tanks have been an integral part of the Australian landscape given the vital role these tanks have played over the years in rural Australia. In the past Local government and Water Authorities actively discouraged the use of rainwater tanks and informing citizens that they were illegal and dangerous. Kogarah Council within the Sydney metropolitan area is a proactive Council, and became the first council in Sydney to adopt Total Water Cycle Management （TWCM） principles into its Sustainability Management Plan, integrating these principles into on-ground projects at a catchment level in a planned and strategic approach. Among it priority projects was the Rainwater Tanks in Schools. This paper outlines how this project assisted all 22 schools in the Kogarah LGA （The Local Government Association） to increase the efficiency of water use and install rainwater tanks to reduce potable water use in toilet flushing and irrigating school gardens. The rainwater harvesting reduced the amount of drinking water used for toilet flushing and/or irrigation. The rainwater tanks also act as a visual reminder to conserve water for the students. The project has equipped the next generation with the necessary tools to make informed decisions and undertake actions that will move towards achieving sustainability.展开更多
Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we at...Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we attribute to the typological and technical aspects of military buildings？ What problems and strategies have to be studied before such buildings can be repurposed for inclusion into a circuit of social and civil uses？ Some attempts were made to answer these questions by analysing the military real estate of Palmanova, the fortress city founded by the Serenissima Republic of Venice in 1593, a city designed by engineers, military analysts, and expert military architects all answerable to the Fortifications Office of Venice. There are a number of barracks situated inside the city＇s fortified walls, within a somewhat confined area： Montezemolo, Isonzo, Ederle, Filzi, Montesanto and others in outlying villages. Barracks built in different periods （some during the Renaissance, others in the eighteenth century and some even after the Second World War） have been gradually phased out of service. Their restoration and functional leverage, in the early years of this century, were discussed in terms of an economic and cultural strategy that would not upset the city. New regeneration strategies are called for if these abandoned military structures are not to undergo further deterioration. These strategies should be based upon a knowledge of these structures＇ features--their layout, architecture, technologies--and should also embrace local policies, but first and foremost they require real, contextualized and economically sustainable projects.展开更多
文摘Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) is the most advanced and representative technique in the field of therapeutic endoscopy and has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms,including early gastric cancer.The major difference and advantage of ESD compared to existing endoscopic resection techniques,such as endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR) and polypectomy,are the width and depth of the resection.Newly developed cutting devices,distal attachable endoscopic accessories,and an advanced electrosurgical unit have helped to overcome the limitations of therapeutic endoscopy in terms of lesion size,location,presence of fibrotic scarring,and accompanying ulcers.As a result,the indications for ESD have been expanded from the classical indication for EMR and polypectomy,and there is now support for a further expansion of ESD indications.At present,the most critical factor to consider in the decision of whether to perform ESD is the probability of unexpected lymph node metastasis.The guidelines for ESD are continually being updated and debated.In this review,we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the expanded guidelines,based on evidence found in the literature.
文摘One effective and proven tool for managing risk is insurance. At the same time, insurers, reinsurers, insurance, and reinsurance brokers in search of the relevant value of their services in the eyes of insured and long-term benefits are increasingly paying attention to the possibilities of nanotechnology. On one hand, insurers see unlimited possibilities of nanotechnology in preventive and repressive activity in relation to losses. The obstacle in this case, for high-tech companies, is stiff competition from companies which are not innovation leaders, but with the necessary influence and power at the international and national market. On the other hand, understanding the reasons for the application of nanotechnology in the conflict prevention activities of the insurer allows him to develop and implement a more flexible strategy for sustainable development of the business.
文摘The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extraction of natural resources and energy of the nature are considered and the ＂returns＂ to the same one and allows in evaluating relative potential the environment impacts generated. The present work had as objective to make an analysis of material and energy flows of the life cycle of three types of packaging for soft drinks： glass bottles of 390 mL, aluminum cans of 350 mL, and bottles of PET of 2,000 mL. The study considered processes since the extraction of raw materials for production of the packaging until the stages of recycling, after the consumption of the soft drink. For the research, an inventory analysis followed the LCA methodology. The main critical points of generation of negative environmental impact during the life cycle of each packaging had been the identified and quantified data in this study. The consumption of natural resources like water and other raw materials and energy, the generation of atmospheric emissions, solid wastes and wastewaters had been the analyzed categories. The results showed that, in accordance with the scenes and defined variables, the most important conclusion was that the bottle of glass presented a less favorable scene to the environment in comparison with other packaging.
文摘Amman＇s land typology is characterized by hilly slopes, and this presents challenges and opportunities for architects and designers aiming at delivering sustainable buildings. The research focuses on the importance of any site＇s given criteria, mainly its slope and topography on the delivery of sustainable buildings. Amman city consists broadly of two main types of buildings, apartment buildings and villas, by studying each type of building with regard to its environmental context on a given site in the city, the research seeks to identify the sustainable variables that site topography delimit or facilitate, using a set of attributes for each building type. The main objective of this research is to highlight the sustainable approach for building on sloped sites throughout the building project life-cycle in general, and to set a sustainability framework for designers during the initial design phase in particular. A number of case studies for both types of buildings are studied and analysed, and conclusions are given based on syntheses of available data from literature review or case analysis. At the end, the research provides a mechanism for the development of guidelines for sustainable and passive viability on preferred buildings orientation in hilly areas with regard to local climatic data.
文摘Rainwater tanks have been an integral part of the Australian landscape given the vital role these tanks have played over the years in rural Australia. In the past Local government and Water Authorities actively discouraged the use of rainwater tanks and informing citizens that they were illegal and dangerous. Kogarah Council within the Sydney metropolitan area is a proactive Council, and became the first council in Sydney to adopt Total Water Cycle Management （TWCM） principles into its Sustainability Management Plan, integrating these principles into on-ground projects at a catchment level in a planned and strategic approach. Among it priority projects was the Rainwater Tanks in Schools. This paper outlines how this project assisted all 22 schools in the Kogarah LGA （The Local Government Association） to increase the efficiency of water use and install rainwater tanks to reduce potable water use in toilet flushing and irrigating school gardens. The rainwater harvesting reduced the amount of drinking water used for toilet flushing and/or irrigation. The rainwater tanks also act as a visual reminder to conserve water for the students. The project has equipped the next generation with the necessary tools to make informed decisions and undertake actions that will move towards achieving sustainability.
文摘Italian military real-estate is highly varied as regards its location, intended uses, its typological, stylistic, and constructive features and its state of conservation. What historical and documental value can we attribute to the typological and technical aspects of military buildings？ What problems and strategies have to be studied before such buildings can be repurposed for inclusion into a circuit of social and civil uses？ Some attempts were made to answer these questions by analysing the military real estate of Palmanova, the fortress city founded by the Serenissima Republic of Venice in 1593, a city designed by engineers, military analysts, and expert military architects all answerable to the Fortifications Office of Venice. There are a number of barracks situated inside the city＇s fortified walls, within a somewhat confined area： Montezemolo, Isonzo, Ederle, Filzi, Montesanto and others in outlying villages. Barracks built in different periods （some during the Renaissance, others in the eighteenth century and some even after the Second World War） have been gradually phased out of service. Their restoration and functional leverage, in the early years of this century, were discussed in terms of an economic and cultural strategy that would not upset the city. New regeneration strategies are called for if these abandoned military structures are not to undergo further deterioration. These strategies should be based upon a knowledge of these structures＇ features--their layout, architecture, technologies--and should also embrace local policies, but first and foremost they require real, contextualized and economically sustainable projects.
