汉语复杂名词短语指称性质的儿童习得研究

汉语中包含数量词和修饰语的复杂名词短语有两种可能的词序:修饰语位于数量词之后、名词之前("内修饰名词短语");修饰语位于数量词之前("外修饰名词短语")。前者既可定指又可不定指,而后者只能定指。采用诱导产出法和图片验证法分别考察汉语儿童的语言产出和理解,发现5岁以前儿童没有掌握复杂名词短语的指称性质,他们极少使用外修饰名词短语指称定指个体,也未习得该词序不允许不定非实指解读的知识。研究结果总体支持文献中有关表达定指性的句法手段晚于词汇/形态手段习得的观点。儿童因为外修饰名词短语生成机制的复杂性及该类短语在语言输入中较少出现等原因而较晚习得其指称性质。

中国EFL学习者冠词产出的主(客)观实指性效应研究

与名词性成分相关的实指性由辖域关系和主观世界的认知两个维度界定,本文分别称为客观实指性和主观实指性,而对于这两类实指性在中国EFL学习者英语冠词习得的效应研究仍有分歧。本文采用诱导产出法考察120名中国英语学习者在五种指称类型的名词性成分中的冠词产出状况。实验数据表明,客观实指性和主观实指性对各组受试在定指的两个指称类型冠词产出的效应差异不显著;不定指类型中,受试在主观实指与客观实指的冠词产出效应差异不显著,而在不定非实指与不定主观实指以及不定客观实指名词成分类型的冠词使用准确率差异显著。结果证实中国EFL学习者英语冠词产出时客观实指性效应显著,而主观实指性在中国学习者英语冠词的产出效应不显著。

中国学习者的英语冠词指称表达体系研究

本文考察了120名不同语言水平中国学习者在8种指称类型名词短语中产出英语冠词的预设性效应,并讨论了预设性范畴归属。结果表明,不定非实指和定指名词短语中冠词产出的预设性效应不显著;不定实指名词短语中预设性效应显著,但是显著效应仅体现于初级水平学习者。预设性作为语用因素而不是作为普遍语法参数影响中国学习者的英语冠词习得,因此中国学习者的英语冠词指称表达体系为实指性和定指性组成的二元体系。

新闻语言的实指性分析

新闻语言作为语言的一种类型,具有语言的一般特征,但也具有自身的独特特征。这种特性在与其他语言类型相比较时,显现出来。本文将对新闻语言和文学语言进行对比,通过对文学语言的虚指性,新闻语言的实指性的根源,实指性的外在表现等几个方面的探讨,来论述新闻语言的实指性。

先秦儒家天人观的两极演化

天人观是儒学理论的重要基础,考察先秦儒学的逻辑嬗演,可以发现:与之相应,儒家天人观也呈现为两个路向的演进过程,一是以孟子、《易传》为代表的形上超越之路,其目标是不断将儒家仁义原则抽象化、本体化,试图从价值本体(天)的高度来论证仁义原则的先天性、合理性;二是以荀子为代表的指实性倾向,这种天人观拒弃对事物作形而上学探讨,把天人观局限于现存事物的经验性领域,极力使儒家仁义原则从抽象的伦理层面向具体实用的知识领域转化,最终将儒学导向现存国家的意识形态领域。

Anisotropy rock physics model for the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir,Sichuan Basin,China

The preferred orientation of clay minerals dominates the intrinsic anisotropy of shale. We introduce the clay lamination （CL） parameter to the Backus averaging method to describe the intrinsic shale anisotropy induced by the alignment of clay minerals. Then, we perform the inversion of CL and the Thomsen anisotropy parameters. The direct measurement of anisotropy is difficult because of the inability to measure the acoustic velocity in the vertical direction in boreholes and instrument limitations. By introducing the parameter CL, the inversion method provides reasonable estimates of the elastic anisotropy in the Longmaxi shale. The clay content is weakly correlated with the CL parameter. Moreover, the parameter CL is abnormally high at the bottom of the Longmaxi and Wufeng Formations, which are the target reservoirs. Finally, we construct rock physics templates to interpret well logging and reservoir properties.

Experiment Study on the Ending Criteria of Charge and Discharge of Nickel-Hydride Battery

Charge and discharge characteristics of Ni/MH batteries are investigated with experiments. During battery’s working, the voltage, capacity, temperature and internal resistance were recorded, corresponding curves were depicted. Variations of the aforementioned four parameters are differently obvious. Ending criteria of charge and discharge of Ni/MH batteries are discussed on the basis of the curves. Voltage, capacity and temperature of a battery can be used as ending criteria during charge. When discharge takes place, voltage, capacity and internal resistance can be chosen as ending criteria. As a whole, capacity is more suitable for being used as ending criteria of charge and discharge than the other three parameters. At last, the capacity of a battery is recommended to be ending criteria of charge and discharge. The conclusions will provide references to different capacity Ni/MH batteries for electric vehicles.

Digital core approach to the effects of clay on the electrical properties of saturated rocks using lattice gas automation

Clay has a significant influence on the relationship between resistivity index I and water saturation Sw （i.e, I-Sw relationship） of reservoir rocks because it complicates the current paths of these rocks. It is difficult to reveal the physical mechanisms of these clay effects on the conductivities of various rocks by physical laboratory measurements because the pore structure, micro distribution and content of clay inside a rock can not be observed and controlled during the experiments. We present a digital rock approach to study these clay effects on the electrical transport properties of reservoir rocks at pore scale using lattice gas automation （LGA） method. The digital rock samples are constructed with the information of grain size distribution from SEM images of reservoir rocks. The LGA is then applied on these digital rocks fully saturated with fluids to simulate the electrical transport properties for revealing the effects of volume and distribution patterns of clay on the non-Archie behaviors of the I-Sw relationship. The very good agreement between the simulated results and the laboratory measurements clearly demonstrates the validity of the LGA in numerical research of rock physics. Based on these studies, a new model has been developed for quantitatively describing the relationship between the saturation exponent and the volume of clay （Vsh）. This development may improve the evaluation for the fluid saturations in reservoir rocks.

Research on Partial Coefficients for Design of Quarter-circular Caisson Breakwater

The quarter-circular caisson breakwater （QCB） is a new type of breakwater, and it can be applied in deepwater. The stability of QCB under wave force action can be enhanced, and the rubble mound engineering can be less than that of semi-circular breakwaters in deepwater. In order to study the wave force distribution acting on the QCB, to find wave force formula for this type of breakwater, firstly in this paper, the distribution characteristics of the horizontal force, the downward vertical force and the uplift force on the breakwater were gotten based on physical model wave flume experiments and on the analysis of the wave pressure experimental data. Based on a series of physical model tests acted by irregular waves, a kind of calculation method, which was modified by Goda formula, was proposed to carry out the wave force on the QCB. Secondly, the reliability method with correlated variables was adopted to analyze the QCB, considering the high correlation between wave forces or moments. Utilizing the observed wave data in engineering field, the reliability index and failure probability of QCB were obtained. Finally, a factor Q=0.9 is given to modify the zero pressure height above SWL of QCB, and wave force partial coefficient 1.34 to the design expressions of QCB for anti-sliding, as well as 1.67 for anti-overturning, were presented.

Allelopathic Potential of Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Cultivars on Barnyard Grass （Echinochloa crus-galh~

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of 12 rice cultivars on barnyard grass. Polyethylene glycol （PEG） was used to determine the influence of osmotic potential on the bioassay materials. Effect of different concentrations of stem, root, and leaf extracts of rice cultivars on seed germination, radicle and primary shoot length of barnyard grass seedlings, and rate of respiration of root pieces were investigated in the laboratory experiments. Shoot height and dry weight of weed stands were studied in the greenhouse, Also total peroxidase activity, chlorophyll pigment and mitotic index were determined. Results indicated that, among rice cultivars, Mehr, Tarom-mahali, G3, Nemat, and Shahpasand caused the most inhibition effects on investigated factors. Amol-3 showed the least negative effects on growth of seedlings and stands of barnyard grass. In laboratory, the Mehr cultivar demonstrated the maximum inhibitory effects by reducing barnyard grass seed germination percentage （88%）, radicle length （100%）, primary shoot length （83%）, and root respiration （85%） Cell division, expressed as mitotic index, was significantly reduced in the presence of rice aqueous extracts. Mehr cultivar had higher inhibitory effect on mitosis compared to Amol-3. In greenhouse, the same cultivar showed the maximum inhibitory effect by reducing barnyard grass height （45%） and dry weight （64%）. With increase in extract concentration, the inhibitory effect increased. Leaf extract from rice plants was more effective compared with the root and stem extracts. Comparison of rice cultivars and PEG indicated that any reduction in germination and growth of barnyard grass using rice extract concentrations of 5% and 10% must have been the result of allelochemicals in the extracts. Lower extract concentrations showed a more pronounced inhibitory effect in the laboratory as compared to the greenhouse studies. These results suggest that rice leaf extracts may be a source of natural herbicide.

Site-Floristic Variability of Foxteil Meadows in Poland

On the basis of multifaceted investigations of approximately 600 phytosociological surveys of foxtail meadows taken in years 2002-2012 in river valleys with the assistance of the Braun-Blanquet method, the authors carried out evaluation of the floristic composition with respect to phytosociological structure, floristic variability, degree of synanthropisation and life form structures. In addition, they ascertained the dependence of floristic variability of Alopecuretum pratensis phytocenoses on site conditions determined using： the phytoindication method and the laboratory analyses assessed the soil content of available forms of P and K and of Mg. The greatest areas among the recognised syntaxons are taken up by patches of a typical sub-association developed in fresh sites on soils of lightly acid reaction and moderate nitrogen availability. Floristic variability of Alopecuretum pratensis is characterised by： presence in the phytosociological structure of species characteristic for other syntaxons, floristic abundance and botanical structure, domination of species of the 1 st and 2nd degree of stability, high proportion of synanthropic species, values of the floristic diversity index （H＇）, natural and fodder score values. Geobotanical variability of foxtail meadows confirms difficulties with unequivocal determination of the systematic position of the Alopecuretum pratensis association.

Bayesian Prediction of Performance in Clinical Trials

This paper presents one of many possible applications of Bayesian inference predictive context of planned tests. We are particularly interested in the use of predictive Bayesian approach in clinical trials or objective is the development of important evidence of an effect of interest We offer the procedure based on the notion of satisfaction index which is a function of the p-value and we look forward, given the available data to calculate a forecast for future satisfaction data as predictive Bayesian hope this index conditional on previous observations. To illustrate the proposed procedure, several models have been studied by choosing the prior distribution justify the reasons of objectivity or neutrality that underlie the analysis of experimental data.

World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies(WFAS)Clinical Practice Guidelines on Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Female Urinary Incontinence recommendation summaries

Urinary incontinence(UI)is common in women and affects the quality of life in female patients severely.But the clinical consideration and treatment are insufficient.Acupuncture and-moxibustion has been proposed as a potentially effective intervention for female UI.Hence,the World Federation of Acupuncturemoxibustion Societies(WFAS)have initiated a project to develop the clinical practice guideline(CPG)on acupuncture and moxibustion for female UI towards global acupuncture practitioners.The CPG was developed according to the Grades of Recommendation,Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE)methodology,referring to the principles of the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development.During the development of the CPG,the guideline development group(GDG)played an important role,which is composed of multi-national and multi-disciplinary experts.The clinical questions,recommendations and therapeutic protocols were all formulated by GDG using the modified Delphi method and basing on the results of the latest systematic review.This article focuses on the recommendations in the CPG.The CPG contains ten recommendations for ten clinical questions,including nine conditional recommendations for the intervention,one conditional recommendations for either the intervention or the comparison.The CPG also provides one conventional filiform needle therapy protocol,two deep puncturing stimulation on lumbosacral acupoints therapy protocols,and four moxibustion therapy protocols,extracted from the included clinical evidence of this CPG.

语言接口视角下中国学生英语冠词习得研究

英语冠词句法上处于限定词短语DP的中心语位置,表达定指性等指称信息,因此冠词的习得涉及句法-语用接口。本文基于英、汉语有指名词成分的结构差异以及二语习得的"接口假说"提出:中国学生在初级阶段未能掌握英语有指名词成分的句法结构,但该知识将最终被习得;冠词表达定指性的接口知识则难以被中国学生完全习得。对120名中国非英语专业本科学生诱发性语篇中冠词使用情况的考察证实了上述假设:低水平学习者普遍存在冠词缺失的现象;在不定实指成分中使用the的错误则跨越不同发展阶段。这说明中国学生初始阶段的英语中介语中有指名词性成分的句法知识发生了母语迁移,也印证了"接口假说",即接口知识特别是句法-语用接口难以被完全习得。

A new constitutive law for the nonlinear normal deformation of rock joints under normal load

In view of the deviation of the fitting results of the classical exponential model and the hyperbolic model （the BB model） from several experiment data during intermediate stress period, a new constitutive model for the nonlinear normal deformation of rock joints under normal monotonous load is established with flexibility-deformation method. First of all, basic laws of the deformation of joints under normal monotonous load are discussed, based on which three basic conditions which the complete constitutive equation for rock joints under normal load should meet are put forward. The analysis of the modified normal con- stitutive model on stress-deformation curve shows that the general exponential model and the improved hyperbolic model are not complete in math theory. Flexibility-deformation monotone decreasing curve lying between flexibility-deformation curve of the classical exponential model and the BB model is chosen, which meets basic conditions of normal deformation mentioned before, then a new normal deformation constitutive model of rock joints containing three parameters is established. Two main forms of flexibility-deformation curve are analyzed and specific math formulas of the two forms are deduced. Then the range of the parameters in the g-δ model and the g-2 model and the correlative influence factor in geology are preliminarily discussed. Referring to different experiment data, the validating analysis of the g-δ model and the g-γ model shows that the g-2 model can be applied to both the mated joints and unmated joints. Besides, experiment data can be better fit with the g-2 model with respect to the BB model, the classical exponential model and the logarithm model.

The effect of volatile components in oil on evolutionary character- istics of diamondoids during oil thermal pyrolysis

On the basis of the results of simulation experiments, now we better understand the contribution of high carbon number hydrocarbons to diamondoid generation during thermal pyrolysis of crude oil and its sub-fractions(saturated, aromatic, resin, and asphalene fractions). However, little is known about the effect of volatile components in oil on diamondoid generation and diamondoid indices due to the lack of attention to these components in experiments. In this study, the effect of volatile components in oil on diamondoid generation and maturity indices was investigated by the pyrolysis simulation experiments on a normal crude oil from the HD23 well of the Tarim Basin and its residual oil after artificial volatilization, combined with quantitative analysis of diamondoids. The results indicate that the volatile components(≤n C12) in oil have an obvious contribution to the generation of adamantanes, which occurs mainly in the early stage of oil cracking(Easy Ro<1.0%), and influences the variations in maturity indices of adamantanes; but they have no obvious effect on the generation and maturity indices of diamantanes. Therefore, some secondary alterations e.g., migration, gas washing, and biodegradation, which may result in the loss of light hydrocarbons in oil under actual geological conditions, could affect the identification of adamantanes generated during the late-stage cracking of crude oil, and further influence the practical application of adamantane indices.

Nomogram to predict primary non-response to infliximab in patients with Crohn’s disease:a multicenter study

Background:Infliximab(IFX)is effective at inducing and maintaining clinical remission and mucosal healing in patients with Crohn’s disease(CD);however,9%–40%of patients do not respond to primary IFX treatment.This study aimed to construct and validate nomograms to predict IFX response in CD patients.Methods:A total of 343 patients diagnosed with CD who had received IFX induction from four tertiary centers between September 2008 and September 2019 were enrolled in this study and randomly classified into a training cohort(n=240)and a validation cohort(n=103).The primary outcome was primary non-response(PNR)and the secondary outcome was mucosal healing(MH).Nomograms were constructed from the training cohort using multivariate logistic regression.Performance of nomograms was evaluated by area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve(AUC)and calibration curve.The clinical usefulness of nomograms was evaluated by decision-curve analysis.Results:The nomogram for PNR was developed based on four independent predictors:age,C-reactive protein(CRP)at week 2,body mass index,and non-stricturing,non-penetrating behavior(B1).AUC was 0.77 in the training cohort and 0.76 in the validation cohort.The nomogram for MH included four independent factors:baseline Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity,CRP at week 2,B1,and disease duration.AUC was 0.79 and 0.72 in the training and validation cohorts,respectively.The two nomograms showed good calibration in both cohorts and were superior to single factors and an existing matrix model.The decision curve indicated the clinical usefulness of the PNR nomogram.Conclusions:We established and validated nomograms for the prediction of PNR to IFX and MH in CD patients.This graphical tool is easy to use and will assist physicians in therapeutic decision-making.