Study and Application of Fingerprints of Ginkgo biloba Leaves Preparations

Aim To establish a method for determination of Ginkgo biloba L, its extractand preparations with HPLC fingerprints, so as to control the quality of the preparations. MethodsHPLC-DAD method was used to determine the constituents in preparations. Diamonsil? C_(18) (200mm X 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used as analytical column, and acetonitrile/KH_2PO_4 was used as mobilephase with gradient elu-tion. The column temperature was at 24 ℃. The HPLC profile of chemicalconstituents of control sample and preparations were analyzed using similarity software. Results Thefingerprints of different preparations from different companies were slightly different because ofthe different preparing procedures. Mean while, the fingerprints of different batches of the samepreparation from the same company were similar to each other and the technology of each preparationwas stable. Conclusion This method is accurate, reproducible , simple, and can be used as ananalytical method for the routine quality control of Ginkgo biloba preparations.

Chemical fingerprinting of Su-He-Xiang-Wan and attribution of major characteristic peaks for its quality control by GC-MS

A simple and facile gas chromatography-mass spectrometer （GC-MS） fingerprint of Su-He-Xiang-Wan （SHXW） was developed, the similarity analysis was conducted, and attribution of the major characteristic peaks was identified for SHXW quality control. GC-MS analysis was performed on a QP2010 instrument （Shimadzu, Japan） equipped with a capillary column of RTX-5MS. The column temperature was initiated at 50℃, held for 5 min, increased at the rate of 3 ℃/min to 120 ℃, held for 2 min, and then increased at the rate of 4 ℃/min to 220℃, held for 10 min. Helium carrier gas was used at a constant flow rate of 1.3 mL/min. Mass conditions were ionization voltage, 70 eV; injector temperature, 250℃; ion source temperature, 250 ℃; splitting ratio, 30：1; full scan mode in the 40-500 Da mass ranges with rate of 0.2 s per scan. Attribution of the major characteristic peaks was identified for SHXW by comparing the chemical standards, references of Chinese herbal medicines and the negative controls of prescription samples （NC） of SHXW. With the help of the temperature-programmed retention indices （PTRIs） used together with mass spectra and chemical standards, 25 major characteristic peaks have been identified. Nine volatile medicinal materials were identified in the prescription of SHXW by attributing to the 27 major characteristic peaks. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is a powerful approach to quality control of complex herbal medicines.

Creep properties and controlled creep mechanism of as-cast Mg-5Zn-2.5Er alloy

The creep behaviors of as-cast Mg-5Zn-2.5Er alloy(mass fraction,%) ,under various applied stresses(50-70 MPa) and creep temperatures(150-200℃) for 100 h,were investigated.The stress exponent n is in the range of 1.5-5.8,and the activation energy Qc is in the range of 28.3-77.1 kJ/mol.With respect to the calculated n and Qc as well as the microstructures after creep,it is suggested that there is a transition region between grain boundary sliding(GBS) dominated creep to dislocation creep mechanism(from n<3 to n>3) ,arising in the steady-stage creep rate value of 2.89×10-9 s-1.

A Research on the Third-Party Legislative Post-Assessment in China

With the formation of the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, China pays more attention to the scientificity and the quality of legislation, starting the assessment of the effect of implementation of the law after legislation conducted by an independent third-party institution with scientific methods. The third-party legislative post-assessment can overcome the drawbacks of self-assessment, realizing the public participation better, which makes results of the assessment more objective, neutral and fair. The neutrality of assessment and scientificity of the method should be adhered in the construction of third-party legislative post-assessment in China, while improving public participation as well as the assessment indicators system and quality control system with the introduction of specific legal norms.

无罪辩护实证研究--以无罪辩护率为考察对象

通过实证分析可以发现,如果站在客观而非意识形态的立场评估的话,低无罪辩护率首先是一种客观现象,它是由犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的高认罪率决定的,控方质量的日益提高进一步巩固并降低了无罪辩护率。在这个意义上,没必要也不应该赋予无罪辩护率太多的价值期待。当然,在另一方面,低无罪辩护率还是能够反映出刑事辩护存在的问题,即一定程度上反映了刑事辩护制度资源不充分问题,而且对律师从事刑事辩护业务及辩护策略带来了负面影响。而律师基于"自我利益最大化"而非"被追诉人利益最大化"的目标考量进一步夸大了这种影响。