医学院动物楼配电设计及负荷指标取值研究

旨在详细研究动物楼配电要求、动物楼安装功率及变压器负荷面积指标容量。动物楼配电需要保证动物楼饲殖动物生活环境和通风换气。动物楼负荷指标现有手册无对应经验数据,需要根据现有项目统计。研究表明动物楼配电需要更高可靠性,需要至少两路市政高压双重电源;安装功率指标考虑400W/m^(2)(不含电锅炉)左右,变压器安装指标考虑250~2300VA/m^(2)区间。

动物试验多指标差异的统计比较方法

面对动物试验指标的综合性特征,过去人们习惯按每个试验指标分别独立地采用一元协方差分析法比较不同水平或处理效果间的差异,其结果一方面由于每个指标在不同水平或处理的表现可能不完全一致而很难下一个综合的结论;另一方面因为没有考虑各指标间可能存在的相关而最终得不到正确的统计结论.鉴于此,此次根据试验目的,结合多元方差分析、T检验与一元协方差分析方法系统地探讨了动物试验多指标差异的统计比较问题.

浮游动物生态

海洋浮游动物是海洋中的主要次级生产者。其种类组成、种群分布以及种群数量变动将直接和间接地制约海洋的生产力，对渔业兴衰关系极为密切。它是生态特征明显的海洋动物，还可以作为指标动物，用来区别水团和海流。因此，对浮游动物研究在海洋综合性调查中占一定的重要位置。

水母代谢过程中释放的溶解有机质的光谱特征

研究了实验室培养的小型水母弗洲指突水母(Blackfordia virginica)代谢过程中所释放的溶解有机物(DOM)及其吸收和荧光光谱特征的变化。与对照组海水相比,充分摄食后的水母在24h的代谢过程中向水体释放大量的溶解有机碳和总溶解态氮,有色溶解有机物的吸收系数a280也有显著增加。光谱斜率比值(SR)的增大和腐殖化指数(HIX)的降低,表明水母代谢产生的主要是腐殖化程度较弱的低分子量DOM。利用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)模型对三维荧光光谱进行解谱,识别出3个类腐殖质(C1-C3)和1个类蛋白质(C4)组分。发射波长在400nm以下的"海源"类腐殖质组分C2(<250,295/386nm)及类蛋白质组分C4(275/334nm)在代谢过程中有明显增加,表明它们是水母代谢释放的主要荧光物质;而发射波长在400nm以上的组分则变化不大。据此可将发射波长小于400nm与大于400nm的荧光组分强度和之间的比值,构建为DOM的浮游动物来源指标(ZIX),用于识别和示踪水环境中浮游动物代谢活动释放和产生的DOM。

奶牛躺卧行为的研究进展

躺卧行为对奶牛的产奶量、舒适度、福利和健康至关重要,而且奶牛在一天当中有一半的时间是在躺卧,躺卧是奶牛各项活动中所需时间最长的、也是最具优先性的行为。文章对国内外有关奶牛躺卧行为的研究文献进行了整理和总结,总结出躺卧时间对奶牛产奶量、健康、舒适度和动物福利的积极作用。在开放式畜舍下,一头健康的、正常生产的奶牛每日的躺卧时间为10~14小时,每日的躺卧次数为6~13次,每次躺卧持续时间为55~118分钟。影响奶牛躺卧时间的因素有两方面,即奶牛的自身状况(胎次、泌乳天数、体况评分等)和管理设施(卧床表面、养殖密度等)。

生物多样性视域下野生动物横向生态补偿制度构建

【目的】在野生动物加速灭绝的背景下,根据“昆蒙框架”和深化生态保护补偿制度改革意见的目标要求,提出构建野生动物横向生态补偿制度。【方法】论述野生动物横向生态补偿制度构建的必要性与可行性,通过确定补偿与受偿主体、市场化补偿方式以及激励性补偿标准等实现制度构建。【结果】通过野生动物的保护需要与生态补偿的普适要求明确制度构建的必要性,以公共物品与外部性理论为指导,以跨流域横向生态补偿为实践基础论述可行性。在制度构建上,将不同层级、不同区域的优化和重点开发区域以及限制和禁止开发区域确定为野生动物受益和保护地区,分别作为补偿与受偿主体。提出野生动物增量责任指标交易,推动补偿与受偿主体间就野生动物增量责任指标进行市场化补偿。提出以费用分析法为基础,测算野生动物保护基础成本为下限值,通过野生动物增量责任指标交易实现对受偿主体的激励性补偿。【结论】野生动物横向生态补偿制度将各社会主体纳入生态补偿体系,通过全社会间野生动物增量责任指标的市场化交易,实现对野生动物保护主体的激励性补偿,持续作用于野生动物保护工作。

Extracting Vegetation Phenology Metrics in Changbai Mountains Using an Improved Logistic Model

Remotely sensing images are now available for monitoring vegetation dynamics over large areas.In this paper,an improved logistic model that combines double logistic model and global function was developed.Using this model with SPOT/NDVI data,three key vegetation phenology metrics,the start of growing season (SOS),the end of growing season (EOS) and the length of growing season (LOS),were extracted and mapped in the Changbai Mountains,and the relationship between the key phenology metrics and elevation were established.Results show that average SOS of forest,cropland and grassland in the Changbai Mountains are on the 119th,145th,and 133rd day of year,respectively.The EOS of forest and grassland are similar,with the average on the 280th and 278th,respectively.In comparison,average EOS of the cropland is relatively earlier.The LOS of forest is mainly from the 160th to 180th,that of the grassland extends from the 140th to the 160th,and that of cropland stretches from the 110th to the 130th.As the latitude increases for the same land cover in the study area,the SOS significantly delays and the EOS becomes earlier.The SOS delays approximately three days as the elevation increases 100 m in the areas with elevation higher than 900 m above sea level (a.s.l.).The EOS is slightly earlier as the elevation increases especially in the areas with elevation below 1200 m a.s.l.The LOS shortens approximately four days as the elevation increases 100 m in the areas with elevation higher than 900 m a.s.l.The relationships between vegetation phenology metrics and elevation may be greatly influenced by the land covers.Validation by comparing with the field data and previous research results indicates that the improved logistic model is reliable and effective for extracting vegetation phenology metrics.

Basal physiological parameters in domesticated tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)

Establishing non-human primate models of human diseases is an efficient way to narrow the large gap between basic studies and translational medicine. Multifold advantages such as simplicity of breeding, low cost of feeding and facility of operating make the tree shrew an ideal non-human primate model proxy. Additional features like vulnerability to stress and spontaneous diabetic characteristics also indicate that the tree shrew could be a potential new animal model of human diseases. However, basal physiological indexes of tree shrew, especially those related to human disease, have not been systematically reported. Accordingly, we established important basal physiological indexes of domesticated tree shrews including several factors: (1) body weight, (2) core body temperature and rhythm, (3) diet metabolism, (4) locomotor rhythm, (5) electroencephalogram, (6) glycometabolism and (7) serum and urinary hormone level and urinary cortisol rhythm. We compared the physiological parameters of domesticated tree shrew with that of rats and macaques. Results showed that (a) the core body temperature of the tree shrew was 39.59±0.05 °C, which was higher than that of rats and macaques; (b) Compared with wild tree shrews, with two activity peaks, domesticated tree shrews had only one activity peak from 17:30 to 19:30; (c) Compared with rats, tree shrews had poor carbohydrate metabolism ability; and (d) Urinary cortisol rhythm indicated there were two peaks at 8:00 and 17:00 in domesticated tree shrews, which matched activity peaks in wild tree shrews. These results provided basal physiological indexes for domesticated tree shrews and laid an important foundation for diabetes and stress-related disease models established on tree shrews.

Comparative Study of the Growth and Gonad Development of Clarias gariepinus （Burchell 1822） Fed Diets with Plant and Animal-based Ingredients in Concrete Tanks

A twelve week experiment was conducted to compare the effects of diets with plant-based and animal-based ingredients on growth and gonad development of Clarias gariepinus. One hundred and 12 sub-adult C. gariepinus with an average weight of 205 ×5.09 g, were stocked in six concrete tanks （9 × 4 × 2 m3） containing 20 fish each. Experiment had 3 replicates and animals fed daily at 5% body weights. There was no significant difference （P 〈 0.05） in proximate compositions of the two experimental feeds and controls. Fecundity, gonad weight and gonasomatic index were higher in fish fed diet 13 than A and C. Similarly, growth indices were higher in fish fed diet B than in A and C. Histology of gonads showed a faster development of oocytes of eggs in fish fed animal-based ingredients than plant-based and combined plant and animal diets. Although there were slight differences in growth parameters and gonad development in favor of feed with animal-based ingredients, plant-based feed compared favorably in the growth and gonad development of C. gariepinus. Plant-based ingredients are recommended on the basis of affordability and availability as substitute for animal-based ingredients in C. gariepinus feed.

Taxonomic Distinctness of Macrofauna as an Ecological Indicator in Laizhou Bay and Adjacent Waters

In this paper, we assessed the ecological and biodiversity status in the Bohai Sea through a quantitative survey on mac-rofaunal community at 25 stations in Laizhou Bay and adjacent waters in the autumn of 2006.We tested the robustness and effectiveness of taxonomic distinctness as an ecological indictor by analyzing its correlation with species richness and natural environmental variables and by analyzing other ecological indicators (Shannon-Wiener H' and W statistics from Abundance Biomass Comparison curve).Results so obtained indicated that the benthic environment of the study waters in general is not under major impact of anthropogenic disturbance, but some stations in Laizhou Bay and along the coast of the Shandong Peninsula and even in the central Bohai Sea might be moderately disturbed and showed signs of ecological degradation.The taxonomic distinctness measures △+ and Λ+ were independent of sampling effort and natural environment factors and were compliant to other ecological indicators.Further application of the taxonomic distinctness indicator to assess marine biodiversity and ecosystem health on a larger regional scale with historical data seems promising.

中国农田土壤动物长期监测样地科学调查监测的实施方法

我国农田土壤动物面临严峻的多样性丧失问题,建设监测样地并开展长期监测是解决该问题的重要途径,但至今国内外仍缺乏农田土壤动物长期监测样地科学调查监测的实施方法。依据BCI 50 ha大型固定样地建设规范,参照我国已建成的森林和农田土壤动物大型固定样地监测经验,本文提出了农田土壤动物长期监测样地科学调查监测的实施方法。首先,需要明确科学问题,确定科学调查监测应遵守的基本原则。其次,需要规范长期调查监测涉及的专业术语,依据研究目的和实际情况选择地点和样地,参照建设规范和农田特征建立农田土壤动物大型固定样地。第三,以研究农田土壤动物多样性为核心,揭示土壤动物在农田生态系统健康和功能中的作用,有选择性地开展4类27项科学指标的长期监测工作,要求按照统一的、规范化的工作流程开展野外调查和室内实验。最后,要科学规范地完成标本的鉴定描述和保存保管,研发体现农田土壤动物特征的数据库和管理信息系统。希望本文的研究结果能推动我国乃至世界范围的规范化样地建设和标准化网络监测,为我国农田土壤动物评估与保护提供长期可靠的数据支撑。

Genotoxicity biomarkers in aquatic bioindicators

Pollution of the aquatic environment is an ever-growing problem, as waters are the ultimate sink for the large number of xenobiotics from multiple sources. DNA damaging agents have a significant ecological relevance since they are implicated in many pathological processes and exert effects beyond that of individual being active through following generations. A large number of methods have been applied to evaluate genotoxic damage in different aquatic species. Comet assay, as method for de- tecting DNA alterations, and micronucleus test, as an index of chromosomal damage are the most widely applied and validated methods in field studies. These methods were applied in different vertebrate and invertebrate aquatic species, but only mollusk and fish species have been employed in routine biomonitoring programs. Mussels, due to their widely geographical distribution and the suitability for caging represent the bioindicator of choice in field studies. Mytilus species is the most used marine mussel. The use of fish is limited to specific geographic areas. The present review mainly focuses on the application of comet assay and micronucleus test in mussels. A number of biomonitoring studies in mussels, using comet assay or micronucleus test, revealed exposure to different classes of genotoxic compounds with a good discrimination power. The different evidence from the two as- says, reflects different biological mechanisms for the two genetic endpoints, DNA damage and chromosomal damage, suggesting their combined application in the field. Different endogenous and exogenous factors have been shown to modulate the genotoxic responses in mussels, acting as confounding factors in environmental monitoring. The use of standardized protocol for caging, sampling and genotoxity evaluation is critical in biomonitoring studies. The use of a multimarker approach coupling genotoxicity biomarkers with physiological and biochemical factors allows to have a complete picture of the environmental pollution [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 273-284, 2014].

Identification and Validation of Reference Sites in the Andhi Khola River,Nepal

Reference conditions having no or only minor anthropogenic disturbances, are a basic requirement for ecological studies in rivers. To study ecological impact of a dam, two sites were pre-classiifed as reference or least disturbed in the Andhi Khola River, Nepal, using Rapid Field Bioscreening （RFB） protocol. Biological （macroinvertebrates） and physico-chemical samples were collected in the month of January and February 2013. Multi-habitat sampling （MHS） was employed in sample collection of macro-invertebrates fauna. Validation of the pre-classiifed sites was done using several indices viz. Nepalese biotic score （NEPBIOS）, Biological monitoring working party （BMWP）, Hindu-Kush Himalayan biotic score （HKHBIOS）, Hilsenhoff （HILSENHOFF） ＆ National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index （NSFWQI）. The NEPBIOS, HKHBIOS, HILSENHOFF, RFB ＆ NSFWQI indices predicted the river quality at al two sites as good with quality class Ⅱ. Only BMWP/ASPT water quality index predicted the river quality at al two sites as Excelent with quality class Ⅰ. Hence preselected sites with quality of rank Ⅱ i.e. good qualities were validated as reference sites. The study demonstrated that the multi-metric approach is suitable for application in the monitoring and assessment of rivers where dams are built to produce hydropower.

A thermal physical index to explore current tectonic activity with satellite remote sensing

The use of satellite thermal infrared information is being developed as a method of exploring current tectonic activity. To realize real world application, an objective, stable and testable thermal physical index that is simultaneously related with tectonic activity must be established. From the viewpoint of the energy balance, the land surface is a boundary where energy is exchanged between outer space and the solid Earth. Regardless of how complex the influencing factors are, the land surface is mainly affected by the Sun, atmosphere and underground heat. In this paper, first, the relationships among land surface temperature, solar radiation, atmospheric temperature and thermal information from underground are obtained employing a mathematic physical method based on the equation of heat conduction and energy balance at the land surface. Second, a thermal physical index called the geothermal flux index (GFI), which can provide the activity state of underground heat, is constructed. Third, the theoretical basis of the thermal physical index is verified using stable annual variations in land surface temperature and solar radiation. Finally, combined with known crustal deformations derived using a global positioning system, the effectiveness of the GFI in extracting field tectonic motion is tested. The results indicate that the GFI is effective in providing information on current tectonic activity.

Massive heat transfer enhancement of Rayleigh-Benard turbulence over rough surfaces and under horizontal vibration

We carried out direct numerical simulations of turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection(RBC)with accounting for both the roughness and the external vibration over the Rayleigh number range 10^(7)≤Ra≤10^(11) and the vibration frequency range 0<ω<1400.The triangular rough elements are uniformly distributed over the top and bottom surfaces,and the vibration is applied in the horizontal direction.It is shown that under the combined action of roughness and horizontal vibration,with increasing the vibration frequency ω,the heat transfer is initially decreased a little and then greatly enhanced after ω exceeds the critical value.The physical reason for massive heat-transfer-enhancement is that high frequency vibration destabilizes thermal boundary layers(BL)over rough surfaces,triggers abundant emissions of thermal plumes,and strengthens the motion of large-scale circulation(LSC),which consequently thins the thickness of thermal BL and heightens the convective transport.In addition,it is shown that vibration-induced heat-transfer-enhancement can obviously affect the scaling behavior between the heat flux and the Rayleigh number,and the scaling exponent increases with increasing ω,whereas the influence of vibration on the scaling behavior between the intensity of LSC and Ra is very weak.