德国一般民间的工程合同,并未要求其遵循"《营建工程采购与合同规则》"(die Vergabe-und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistung)。《德国民法》的规定往往不够详细,过去一些民间工程合同常发生争议的问题,民法承揽篇没有规范...德国一般民间的工程合同,并未要求其遵循"《营建工程采购与合同规则》"(die Vergabe-und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistung)。《德国民法》的规定往往不够详细,过去一些民间工程合同常发生争议的问题,民法承揽篇没有规范,只能依赖当事人间的协商和法院的判决。有广泛的判决涉及此一领域,对适用法律的人已经丧失透视性。考虑工程合同的类型、建筑技术的不断发展、内容复杂而特殊、工程合同常有较长的履行期间,累积的判决也使新增专章规范的条件成熟。德国联邦议会审议通过修正工程合同法之法案。将工程合同(§§650 A-650O)、建筑师与工程师合同(§§650P-650T),以及消费者工程合同(§§650U-650V)订入民法之中。立法者修法时所考虑的指示变更动机,引据"履行期较长的复杂工程合同",在个案中未必适用。实务上只要有工程合同存在,不必然需要工程合同履行期是否较长或者较为复杂,均可指示变更。展开更多
Sustainable world heritage management represents an approach for managing the resources of a property by integrating environmental, economic, and social issues. It aims to provide sustainable benefits for future gener...Sustainable world heritage management represents an approach for managing the resources of a property by integrating environmental, economic, and social issues. It aims to provide sustainable benefits for future generations, while protect the property and minimize the possible adverse social, economic and environmental impacts. Indicators of sustainable development, which summarize information for decision-making, are invaluable to learn the efficiency and effectiveness of property management. Scientists in many fields devised several conceptual models of environmental statistics and indicators, of which, DPSIR (Driving forces – Pressure – State – Impact – Response) is thought to be the best available one in identifying and developing indicators of sustainable development. Based on the DPSIR conceptual model and indicator selection criteria, the present paper proposed a methodology framework for selecting indicators to assess the sustainable development of a natural heritage site. The proposed framework included a multi-level hierarchical structure for various indicators and indexes, a modified DPSIR frame to identify key issues in property management and a set of indicators for evaluating the sustainability in Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries.展开更多
文摘Sustainable world heritage management represents an approach for managing the resources of a property by integrating environmental, economic, and social issues. It aims to provide sustainable benefits for future generations, while protect the property and minimize the possible adverse social, economic and environmental impacts. Indicators of sustainable development, which summarize information for decision-making, are invaluable to learn the efficiency and effectiveness of property management. Scientists in many fields devised several conceptual models of environmental statistics and indicators, of which, DPSIR (Driving forces – Pressure – State – Impact – Response) is thought to be the best available one in identifying and developing indicators of sustainable development. Based on the DPSIR conceptual model and indicator selection criteria, the present paper proposed a methodology framework for selecting indicators to assess the sustainable development of a natural heritage site. The proposed framework included a multi-level hierarchical structure for various indicators and indexes, a modified DPSIR frame to identify key issues in property management and a set of indicators for evaluating the sustainability in Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries.
