古琴手势图:语图互文与“指观”艺术

古琴手势图自产生以来,发展至明清才形成了图主文从的版式体例。由物象图、指法图、兴词、指法注解构成的语图,在结构和层级间形成一定的互文与张力,为手势图的文本分析提供了新的符号学视角,也为接受过程中的批评与鉴赏环节创造了新的审美体验与阐释空间。由此,以指为核心的手势图便成为反思古琴“指观”艺术的物质载体和契机,或可为该艺术的建构开拓新的思路。

毛泽东哲学体系的集成模式:“辩证唯物论的知行统一观”

在毛泽东的哲学著作中,蕴涵着一个上至理论根基,下至具体操作的集成模式。这个模式,我们可以用《实践论》中的最后一句话来概括:"这就是辩证唯物论的知行统一观"。这个"知行统一观"的具体构成,可作如下归结:知行观的理论基础———实践论和矛盾论;知行观的知行原则———实事求是;知行观的知行宗旨和慧源———群众路线;知行观的知行方法———调查研究;知行观的知行指归———研究国情走自己的道路。这个集成模式,可以说是中国共产党人几十年的基本经验和基本结论在毛泽东哲学体系中所凝结成的哲学"蓝本",它已潜在地成为中国共产党人和全中国人民的知行规约。把这一集成模式提炼和归结出来,具有重要的哲学及文化"原型"的意义。

Kinetics of AlOOH dissolving in caustic solution studied by high-pressure DSC

Mechanism functions and kinetic parameters of AlOOH（boehmite or diaspore） dissolving in sodium hydroxide solution were researched.The mixture of boehmite or diaspore and caustic solution was scanned by high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） instrument with heating rate of 10 ℃/min,and differential equation method was used to analyse the DSC curves,combining with iterative method and linear least square method.The most probable mechanism functions for both boehmite or diaspore and caustic solution reactions were logically selected from 30 types of non-isothermal kinetics differential equations,according to the calculated results obtained by Matlab program.The most probable differential mechanism function of boehmite dissolving in caustic solution is f（α）=1-α,which reveals the first-order reaction with apparent activation energy of 79.178 kJ/mol and the preexponential constant 1.031×108 s-1.The function,f（α）=2（1-α）3/2,can describe the dissolution of diaspore sample in sodium hydroxide solution.The calculated results of kinetic parameters are apparent activation energy of 73.858 kJ/mol,preexponential constant of 5.752×107 s-1 and reaction order of 1.5.

Microstructure evolution and grain growth behavior of Ti14 alloy during semi-solid isothermal process

Microstructure evolution of Ti14 （α＋Ti2Cu） alloy during semi-solid isothermal process at different temperatures was investigated. The results reveal that both the temperature and holding time have effect on the grain growth behavior. The grains grow obviously and the degree of globularity increases with the increase of holding time. According to the statistic analysis of experimental data, the grain growth indices are 0.88 and 0.97 at 1 000 ℃ and 1 050 ℃, respectively, which indicates that increasing isothermal temperature would accelerate microstructural evolution.

探寻意义的本质:从物指到话语自指

本文围绕语言符号的意义问题,重点探讨三种意义观,简略讨论一种意义观,认为:物指观将指称物视为意义,可以解释语言与外部世界的关联;心指观将心理概念当作意义,可解释语言与内心世界的关联,但指称物或者概念都只是指称,不是意义,只有对它们的言说或描述才构成意义;系统自指观将指称与意思相区分,认为词语的意义即意思,取决于系统中词语间的相互关系,从某种程度上实现了从向语言外部求意义到向语言自身求意义的转变;话语自指观立足话语自身,从词语在话语中的使用实例中获取相关释义内容,并将其作为词语的意义,不仅强调了意义的自指属性,而且突出了意义的使用属性,诠释了意义即使用的合理意涵。

IMPACT OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON VEGETATION ALONGSIDE QINGHAI-XIZANG HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY

Based on the field investigation in August 2001 and August 2002, digitalChina Vegetation Map in 2001 and Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau Vegetation Regionalization Map in1996, vegetation characteristics along two sides of Qinghai-Xizang highway and railway are studiedin this paper. Meanwhile, the impact of Qinghai-Xizang highway and railway constructions on thevegetation types are analyzed using ARCVIEW, ARC/INFO and PATCH ANALYSIS. It was found that: 1)Qinghai-Xizang highway and railway span 9 latitudes, 12 longitudes and 6 physical geographic regions(East Qinghai and Qilian mountain steppe region, Qaidam mountain desert region, SouthQinghai-Xizang alpine meadow steppe region, Qiangtang alpine steppe region, Golog-Nagqu alpine shrubmeadow region and South Xizang mountain shrub steppe region); 2) the construction of Qinghai-Xizanghighway and railway destroyed natural vegetation and landscape, especially in 50m-wide bufferregions along both sides of the roads, it was estimated that the net primary productivity deceasedby about 30 504.62t/a and the gross biomass deceased by 432 919.25-1 436 104.3t. The losing primaryproductivity accounted for 5.70% of the annual primary productivity within Ikm-wide buffer regions(535 005.07-535 740.11t/a), and only 0.80%-0.89% of that within 10km-wide buffer regions (3 408950.45-3 810 480.92t/a). The losing gross biomass was about 9.47%-17.06% of the gross biomass within1km-wide buffer regions (7 502 971.85-25 488 342.71t), and only 1.47%-2.94% of that within10km-wide buffer regions (43 615 065.35-164 150 665.37t).

Spatial Process of Green Infrastructure Changes Associated with Rapid Urbanization in Shenzhen,China

Through a case study of Shenzhen City,China,this study focused on a quantitative method for analyzing the spatial processes involved in green infrastructure changes associated with rapid urbanization.Based on RS,GIS and SPSS statistics software,the approach includes selection of the square analysis units and representative landscape metrics,quantification of the change types of landscape metrics in all analysis units through two indices and hierarchical cluster analysis of the above analysis units with different landscape metric change types(i.e.spatial attributes).The analyses verify that there is a significant sequence of continuous changes in green infrastructure in Shenzhen.They are the perforation,the segmentation,the fragmentation,the evanescence and the filling-in processes,which have a good spatio-temporal correspondence with urbanization and reflect the synthetic influence of urban planning,government policies and landforms.Compared with other studies on quantifying the spatial pattern,this study provides an alternative probe into linking the spatial pattern to spatial processes and the corresponding ecological processes in the future.These spatio-temporal processes offer many opportunities for identifying,protecting and restoring key elements in an urban green infrastructure network for areas in the early stages of urbanization or for non-urbanized areas.

Analysis of Landscape Pattern Changes and Driving Forces in Nanling National Nature Reserve

The spatial and temporal changes of landscape pattern and their driving forces in each functional zone of Nanling National Nature Reserve were analyzed based on the GIS and RS platform. The results showed that from 1988 to 2009, in respect of changes of Jandscape area, the main forest landscape accounted about 95% of the total area, of which evergreen broad-leaved forest had the largest area, accounting for more than 50% of the total area. The dominant landscape was coniferous forest. In respect of landscape fragmentation, the density index of land- scape in the whole area increased, and the degree of landscape fragmentation also increased. In the core area, the patch density decreased slightly, and the average patch area of each type of landscape increased; the degree of landscape fragmen- tation increased slightly. In the buffer area and the experimental area, the degree of landscape fragmentation increased. In terms of landscape diversity, the landscape pattern in the whole area became complex, and the diversity index of landscape in- creased and the degree of heterogeneity increased. In the core area, the diversity index of landscape increased slightly. In the buffer area, it increased significantly. In the experiment area, the diversity index reduced, and the degree of landscape het- erogeneity reduced. In the whole study area, the landscape tended to be diversified. The landscape pattern of the experimental area was consistent with that of the whole study area, and there was no obvious change in the buffer zone, while the landscape pattern in the core area developed towards the single direction.

Review Article of Landscape Metrics Based on Remote Sensing Data

This article describes metrics in order to quantify landscape structure. Landscape metrics are offered and designed to be as versatile as possible using several programs. In this paper it is attempted to （a） collect all the metrics found in the literature, （b） classify them, and （c） evaluate them through their use. An extensive investigation of the literature has been performed. Small discussion of each metric is provided to its concept, definition, use, way of calculation and in some cases contribution to the sustainable development. The frequency of used papers per each index has been taken into account. The most used to the least used six metrics have the following order： Area/Density/Edge; Isolation Proximity; Diversity; Contagion Interspersion; Shape; Connectivity. Moreover, the frequency of used papers is divided into five groups, i.e. group A till group E. Concluding, it has been provided an explanation of the results regarding to the four indices of group A and two indices from the group B.

Energy poverty in Greek mountainous areas： a comparative study

The paper studied the energy poverty in the mountainous areas of Greece through parallel primary surveys, in comparison with the country-level conditions. The surveys are based on objective financial and expenditure data as well as on subjective views about housing conditions. The objective approach showed that mountainous areas of Greece are burdened with much higher energy expenditure while also having lower annual incomes. Under these circumstances, the energy poverty rate skyrocketed to73.5%. The subjective indicators reveal significant aspects of the problem, such as the intense problem of damp walls and mold growth at home or the restriction of other basic needs in order to cover heating needs. However, despite the proven high vulnerability of Greek mountainous areas, current energy policy actually ignores the special features of mountainous areas, implementing horizontal policies.Therefore, a specialized energy plan targeted to alleviating energy poverty in mountainous areas in Greece is an urgent imperative.

Spatial-temporal characteristics of flat reclamation in Zhejiang Province,China in the past 20 years

Over the past several decades,large scale of tidal flat reclamation developed fast along the Chinese coastline.Tidal flat reclamation can earn profits for local economy but also produce significant negative influences on marine ecosystems.By using relative indexes of landscape science,this article makes quantitative research on reclamation indexes of Zhejiang Province,China from1990to2000in a macro-region perspective,and the results shows that:(1)within20years,the total area of reclamation in Zhejiang Province had reached108760ha,and the reclamation area of Ningbo city was the largest while Jiaxing city is the smallest;(2)the patch area,quantity,density and variable coefficients of all types of lands were markedly different,and lands in different regions also differed distinctly;(3)average form index and fragmentation index of patch of lands of different types and functions were positively correlated,and the indexes of Taizhou city and Ningbo city were relatively high while Jiaxing city and Shaoxing city were lower;(4)under the influence of factors like topographic conditions,develop needs,human activities and so on,the degree of aggregation of the types of reclamation was relatively high;(5)because of the differences in reclamation area,coast length,land type and so on,the average intensity index and diversity index of the all coastal cities were different distinctly.

Responses of Spatial-temporal Variation of Karst Ecosystem Service Values to Landscape Pattern in Northwest of Guangxi,China

The responses of spatiotemporal variation of ecosystem service values (ESVs) to landscape pattern from 1985 to 2005 in a typical Karst area of the northwest Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China,were examined us-ing remote sensing and geographic information system techniques in this paper.The total ecosystem service values de-clined significantly from 1985 to 1990,and then increased slowly from 1990 to 2005,almost equaled to the 1985 level.The ecosystem service values tended to decline from the west to the east and from mountainous regions to peak-cluster depression areas in 1985,1990,2000 and 2005 respectively.During the period from 1985 to 2005,the ecosystem ser-vice values have increased in the middle and eastern parts of the study area.Landscape pattern indices,such as total area,largest patch index,contagion,aggregative index,effective mesh and proportion of like adjacencies,are significantly correlated with ecosystem service values.This suggests that ecosystem service values tend to increase with the growth of patch area and patch connectivity.However,there are negative correlations between ecosystem service values and landscape pattern indices,such as division index and patch richness.It indicates that ecosystem service values decrease with patch fragmentation and patch size shrinkage.The ecosystem conditions in the typical Karst area have been improved because of the control measures of rocky desertification.It is important to protect key landscape types,such as woodland,shrub and grassland,and to increase patch size and connectivity to avoid further fragmentation.Furthermore,it is necessary to reduce disturbances to ensure the growth of ecosystem service values and to facilitate the sustainable development in this region.

Influence of sulfur content in raw materials on oxidized pellets

The influence of sulfur content in raw materials on oxidized pellets was studied. The results show that most sulfur exists in the form of elementary sulfur in pyrite cinder, and over 95% sulfur is removed in producing pyrite cinder oxidized pellets. The compressive strength of fired pellets drops from 3 186 N to 2 405 N when the ratio of pyrite cinder increases from 40% to 70% under the conditions of preheating at 900℃ for 9 min and firing at 1 230 ℃ for 15 min. The porosity and microstructures of fired pellets prove that the higher ratio of pyrite cinder is given, and the more holes and cracks are achieved, leading to the better reducibility index （RI） and reduction swelling index （RSI）, and the lower compressive strength of fired pellets and the worse reduction degradation index （RDI）.

A method for choice of optimum scale on land use monitoring in Tarim River Basin

Optimal scale is one of the important issues in ecology and geography.Based on land-use data of the Tarim River Basin in Xinjiang of China in the 1950s,regarding the area of land use types as the parameter in scale selecting,the histograms of the patches in area are charted.Then,by reinforcing the normalized scale variances(NSV) with 3 landscape indi-ces,the scale characteristics of land use in the Tarim River Basin can be summarized.(1) NSV in the Tarim River up to a maximum at scale of 1:50,000 which is considered appropriate for the Tarim River.(2) Diversity indices of saline land are consistent with NSV's.Diversity indices and NSV of sandy land showed that the appropriate scale is in the same scale domain.There is a significant difference between diversity indices and NSV of forestland and shrub-land.(3) Fractal dimension of sandy land and saline land showed a hierarchical structure at a scale of 1:10,000.Fractal dimension of forestland and shrubland are distributed under the same hierarchical structure in the region.

Microphysical Structure of a Nimbostratus over Jilin Province Provided by Airborne Observations

Airborne measurements were collected during a stepwise ascent within a nimbostratus cloud associated with a cold vortex depression over the Jilin Province on 21 June 2005 to study cloud structure and ice particle spectra. The melting layer of the nimbostratus was clearly defined in the radar images. The microphysical structure of the nimbostratus was elucidated by a King liquid water probe and Particle Measuring Systems （PMS） probes aboard the research aircraft. The PMS 2-D images provided detailed information of ice crystal transformations. A thick layer of supercooled cloud was observed, and the high ice particle concentrations at temperatures ranging from -3℃ to -6℃ were consistent with Hallett-Mossop ice multiplication. The shape of ice crystals from near the cloud top to the melting layer were in the form of columns, needles, aggregations, and plates. In addition, significant horizontal variability was evident on the scale of few hundred meters. Particle spectra in this cloud were adequately described by exponential relationships. Relationship between the intercept （No） and slope （2） parameters of an exponential size distribution was well characterized by a power law.

Post-Fertilization Development of Seed in French Bean Genotypes： Changes in Seed Quality

An experiment was conducted to evaluate physiological maturity of French bean genotypes at District Seed Farm ＂D＂ Block, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal during winter season of both 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. All the five genotypes were grown with sufficient population in three replications following randomized block design （RBD） for the purpose of developmental studies. Developing pods were harvested at different stages, starting from 7 days after anthesis （7 DAA） to 49 DAA with an interval of 7 d, including the field maturity stage, thus leading to study on maximum seven different stages. Harvested pods and seeds were utilized for this development programme through dry seed weight, germination and vigour index. Enhancement in dry matter accumulation in seed continued till 42 DAA for Selection 9 and Victoria in both the years; it was 49 and 42 DAA for Sonali in respective years; it was 49 DAA for Abhay in both the years; and for Deepali, it was 42 DAA along with statistically similar magnitude at 49 DAA. Significant enhancement in germination potential of developing seeds continued till 42 DAA for Selection 9 and Deepali, while it was 49 DAA for the other three genotypes. Enhancement in vigour index continued till 49 DAA for all the genotypes except for Selection 9, for which it continued till 42 DAA and then declined.

Evaluation of the propensity for coal spontaneous combustion based on catastrophe theory

Generally, different prevention measures should be taken according to spontaneous combustion propensities. The current methods to evaluate the propensity of coal spontaneous combustion, such as chromatographic method of oxygen adsorption, oxidation kinetics method and activation energy method, are mostly affected by human factors. Their boundaries among different classes of propensities were all established by subjective judgments. A new evaluation method using catastrophe theory is introduced. This method can accurately depict the process of coal spontaneous combustion and the evaluation index, ＂catastrophe temperature＂, be obtained based on the model. In terms of catastrophe temperature, the spontaneous combustion propensity of different coals can be sequenced. Experimental data indicate that this method is appropriate to describe the spontaneous combustion process and to evaluate the propensity of coal svontaneous combustion.

Climatology of Guinea： Study of Climate Variability in N＇zerekore

N＇zerekore is a geographical region of Guinea, which houses a weather observatory located at longitude 8.8°, latitude 7.7° and altitude 475 m. This region is of major socio-economic interest for the Country. The climatological study of this region shows the variability of each parameter. The objective of this study was to analyze meteorological parameters trends and to assess the space-time evolution of some agro-climatic risks related to the main trends observed in the meteorological parameters regime of this region. In this study, programming tools were used for processing and analyzing meteorological parameters data, including temperatures, rains, wind, evaporation and storms measured in this observatory from 1931 to 2014. The interannual, annual and daily variations of these parameters were obtained, as well as temperature, precipitation anomalies and agroclimatic indexes trends. The analyzing of these variations explained that September is the rainiest months, and the year 1932, 1957 and 1970 are normal, rainy and dry year, respectively. The evaporation increased since 1971 from January to March and November to December. A positive temperature anomaly was observed since 1973 with the maximum 26-33 ℃ and the minimum 16-21 ℃. A dominant westerly wind with a speed of 2.6 m/s was determined. Agro-climatic parameters in N＇zerekore have high variability. From 1931 to 2014, three major periods can be distinguished： a wet period from 1931 to 1977, a dry period from 1978 to 1994 and rainfall variability from 1995 to 2014. The trend of these parameters explains the impact of climate change in this part of the world. This is exacerbated by human activity （deforestation）, thus mitigation measures are necessary. It would be useful to extend this study throughout the country.

Application of fuzzy optimization model in the evaluationof urban flood-waterloggedvulnerabilitybased on the synthetic weight ofgame theory

The evaluation of urban flood-waterlogged vulnerability is very important to the safety of urban flood control. In this paper, the evaluation of consolidated index is used. Respectively, AHP and entropy method calculate the subjective and objective weight of the evaluation indicators, and combine them by game theory. So we can obtain synthetic weight based on objective and subjective weights. The evaluation of urban flood-waterlogged vulnerability as target layer, a single variable multi-objective fuzzy optimization model is established. We use the model to evaluate flood-waterlogged vulnerability of 13 prefecture-level city in Hunan, and compare it with other evaluation method. The results show that the evaluation method has certain adaptability and reliability, and it＇ s helpfid to the construction planning of urban flood control.

Landscape pattern and fragmentation of natural secondary forests in the eastern mountainous region, northeast China： A case study of Mao＇ershan forests in Heilongjiang Province

Mao'ershan region is a representative natural secondary forested region in the eastern mountainous region, northeast of China.. Under the support of ARC/INFO and GIS technology, the landscape shape and fragment indices of Mao'ershan experimental plantation were studied by combining the forest type map (1:10000), which was drawn from the aerial photographs (1999), field investigation (1999) and soil utilized map (1:10000). The results showed that the shape index and shape fragment index of natural landscape were higher than those of artificial landscapes and landscape patch fragment index depended on the number of patches. The natural forest had complex shape, suffering little jamming, and its shape index was higher than that of artificial forest. The manual controlled landscape (e.g. nursery, cropland and cutting blank) had regular shape, and its shape index was smaller. The fragment index of patches in natural forest was higher than that of artificial forest. The soft broad-leaved had the highest fragment index of patch amount.