国家网球队女子运动员一区一、二发球技术的运动学研究

目的:探究网球一区一、二发球时,抛球高度和击球位置、左膝屈曲最小时刻、击球瞬间球拍转动相关运动学参数分别与发球球速和球拍挥速的关系,找出影响发球球速和挥速的关键因素,为提高国家队网球女子选手的竞技水平提供理论参考。方法:采集5名国家网球队运动员集训时一区一、二发技术动作的三维运动学数据,对其进行相关性分析。结果:①运动学参数与球速:一区一发时,左膝屈曲最小时刻的右膝角以及击球瞬间球拍转动中Z转动角度和角速度与球速呈负相关关系。一区二发时,抛球-击球Y(抛球-击球向前距离)以及左膝屈曲最小时刻球拍Z转动角度与球速呈正相关关系。②运动学参数与挥速:击球位置X(击球位置向右)与二发挥速呈正相关。左膝屈曲最小时刻,挥速与一发球拍转动角度X呈负相关,而与二发球拍转动角度呈正相关。挥速与一发球拍转动角度Y呈正相关。挥速与一、二发球拍转动角度Z均呈正相关。身体关节方面,挥速与一侧肩髋水平面夹角呈负相关关系。此外,挥速均与一发、二发右肩角呈负相关。击球瞬间球拍转动中,挥速与一发X轴角速度呈负相关。此外,挥速与二发Y轴角速度呈正相关。结论:①运动学参数与球速:一区一发时,下蹲最低时刻运动员右膝角越小,以及击球瞬间球拍内旋角度越多、内旋角速度越快,球速越高;一区二发时,在合理范围内,抛球越往前,下蹲最低时刻球拍外旋越多,球速越快。②运动学参数与挥速:一区一发时,左膝屈曲最小时刻球拍拍面越下压、越右旋、越外旋、肩髋水平面夹角越大和右肩角越小,以及击球瞬间球拍下压的角速度越快,挥速则越高;一区二发时,抛球越往身体右上方抛,左膝屈曲最小时刻球拍拍面越上仰、越右旋以及右肩角越小,击球瞬间球拍右旋的角速度越快,挥速越快。

Senarmontite volatilization kinetics in nitrogen atmosphere at roasting/melting temperatures

The volatilization kinetics of senarmontite（Sb_2O_3） was analyzed in a neutral atmosphere in two temperature ranges： 550-615 °C（roasting temperature） and 660-1100 °C（melting temperature） by using a thermogravimetric analysis method under various gas flow rates and using a 1.3 m L ceramic crucible（11 mm in internal diameter and 14 mm in height）. The effect of particle size was also analyzed. The experimental results of mass loss data, X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis of partially reacted samples and thermodynamic studies indicate that the senarmontite becomes volatile in the form of Sb_4O_6（g） without the formation of any intermediary compound in the entire temperature range. At roasting temperatures, the volatilization kinetics of Sb_2O_3 was analyzed using the model X=kappt. The volatilization reaction was controlled by the surface chemical reaction and an activation energy value of 193.0 k J/mol was obtained in this temperature range. Based on the volatilization kinetics at the melting temperatures, for linear behaviour in nitrogen gas, kinetic constants were determined, and an activation energy of 73.9 k J/mol was calculated for the volatilization reaction with a surface area of 8.171×10^（-5）m^2.

Mechanism of stibnite volatilization at high temperature

The volatilization of stibnite(Sb2S3) in nitrogen from 700 to 1000 °C was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis. The results indicate that in inert atmosphere, stibnite can be volatilized most efficiently as Sb2S3(g) at a linear rate below850 °C, with activation energy of 137.18 k J/mol, and the reaction rate constant can be expressed as k=206901exp(-16.5/T). Stibnite can be decomposed into Sb and sulfur at temperature above 850 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. However, in the presence of oxygen,stibnite is oxidized into Sb and SO2 gas at high temperature. Otherwise, Sb is oxidized quickly into antimony oxides such as Sb2O3 and Sb O2, while Sb2O3 can be volatilized efficiently at high temperature.

Micro-scale 2D quasi-nanosheets formed by 0D nanocrystals: from single to multicomponent building blocks

Self-assembly of colloidal nanocrystals(NCs)into large-scale superlattices with complex and controllable structures has attracted extensive attention due to their collective properties and promising device applications.Plasmonic NCs are very popular for long-range ordered superstructures by virtue of their collective nanogaps for electromagnetic field enhancement,in particular bulk-scale single-layer assembly.Large-area two-dimensional(2D)quasinanosheets(QNSs)composed of mono-component Au NCs or multi-component Au@ZnS core-shell hetero-nanocrystals(HNCs)were successfully prepared,via careful solvent evaporation-induced interfacial self-assembly.The entire selfassembly process was carried out on the liquid-air surface and mediated simply by tuning the operating temperatures and concentrations of the NCs.Specifically,monolayer and double-layer 2D QNSs in tens of micrometers scale with different stacking models were fabricated by precisely controlling the solvent evaporation rate and colloidal concentration.

Electrospinning of supramolecular polymer complexes

Supramolecular polymer complexes with small molecules are self-assembled through non-covalent interactions and have been proposed for a wide variety of applications in materials science and nanoscience.Our research group has recently shown the possibility of forming highly ordered nanofibers of supramolecular complexes in their thermodynamically stable state using the electrospinning technique.The ultrafast solvent evaporation rate of electrospinning made possible the in-depth characterization of complexes that had never been prepared in their pure state before because of kinetic issues associated with their formation by conventional approaches.The improved understanding of the formation mechanism allowed us to extend the concept to other techniques featuring a fast solvent evaporation rate,such as electrospray and spin-coating.In this article,we review our most significant contributions in this research field.

Algebraic solution of differential geometric guidance command and time delay control

According to the three-dimensional geometry of the engagement,the explicit algebraic expression of differential geometric guidance command(DGGC)is proposed.Compared with the existing solutions,the algebraic solution is much simpler and better for the further research of the characteristics of DGGC.Time delay control(TDC)is a useful method to tackle the uncertainty problem of a control system.Based on TDC,taking the target maneuvering acceleration as a disturbance,the estimation algorithm of the target maneuvering acceleration is presented,which can be introduced in DGGC to improve its performance.Then,the augmented DGGC(ADGGC)is obtained.The numerical simulation of intercepting a high maneuvering target is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of ADGGC.

Emission and drying kinetics of paper mill sludge during contact drying process

The emission and contact drying kinetics of the paper mill sludge (PMS) were studied through experiments carried out in a paddle dryer. To get a better understanding of its drying mechanism, a penetration model developed by Tsotsas and Schlünder (1986) was used to simulate the drying kinetics of the PMS. The result indicated that this kinetics could be divided into three phases: pasty, lumpy and granular phases, and could be successfully simulated by the penetration model as the related sludge parameters were integrated into the model. The emission rate curves of the volatile compounds (VCs) were interrelated to the drying rate curve of the PMS, especially for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia in this study.

Fine-control-valve of halide perovskite single crystal quality for high performance X-ray detection

Halide perovskite single crystals(HPSCs)provide a unique platform to study the optoelectronic properties of such emerging semiconductor materials,while the temperature induced crystal growth method often has an increased solute integration speed and/or unavoidable solute consumption,resulting in a soaring or slumping crystal growth rate of HPSCs.Here,we developed a universal and facile solvent-vola tilization-limited-growth(SVG)strategy to finely control the crystal growth rate by the fine-control-valve for high quality crystal grown through solution processes.The grown HPSCs by SVG method exhibited a record low trap density of 2.8×10^(8)cm^(-3)and a high charge carrier mobility-lifetime product(μτproduct)of 0.021 cm2/V,indicating the excellent crystal quality.The crystal surface defects were further passivated by oxygen suppliers as Lewis base,which led to a reduction of surface leakage current by two times when using for low dose rate X-ray detection.Such HPSC X-ray detector displayed a high sensitivity of 1274μC/(Gyair cm^(2))with a lowest detectable dose rate of 0.56μGyair/s under 120 keV hard X-ray.Further applications including alloy composition analysis and metal flaw detection by HPSC detectors were also demonstrated,which not only shows the bright future for product quality inspection and non-destructive materials analysis,but also paves the way for growing high quality single crystals and fabricating polycrystalline films.