基于双模量理论的连续配筋混凝土复合式路面沥青层表损伤分析及Top-Down开裂控制

基于连续介质损伤力学和双模量理论,建立单一模量和双模量2种疲劳损伤本构,采用数值模拟的方法,对2种疲劳损伤本构模型进行了简单分析对比,并采用双模量损伤本构分析沥青层(AC)厚度、模量、拉压模量比以及AC层与连续配筋水泥混凝土层(CRC)摩擦系数4个因素对沥青层表面损伤的影响,在单因素分析的基础上通过响应面法对CRC+AC复合式路面抗Top-Down开裂性能进行优化设计。研究表明:AC层在单模量下的最大压应力比双模量下大0.1MPa,但AC层在单模量下几乎未产生拉应力,而双模量下的最大拉应力为0.08MPa;单因素分析得到AC层厚度、模量、拉压模量比、层间摩擦系数推荐最大取值分别为8cm、1700MPa、0.8、7;3个参数中,对AC层表面疲劳损伤度综合影响从大到小的组合为:AC层厚度和拉压模量比,AC层拉模量和拉压模量比,AC层厚度和拉模量;针对不同拉模量的AC层材料提出了不同AC层厚度下的拉压模量比控制标准。

干湿交替对地基岩体变形影响及模量损伤

为明确开挖地基岩体所处环境湿度干湿交替作用对其力学特性损伤劣化作用,设置4种工况8组方案共24试样,探究了泥质粉砂岩在此因素下的变形规律及模量损伤程度。结果表明,与开挖初始状态相比,当环境湿度干湿循环变化时,泥质粉砂岩受荷变形显著增大,且其塑性变形比例增大,变形模量及永久变形模量显著降低。泥质粉砂岩岩体模量受干湿循环作用损伤劣化的程度,取决于不同应力状态塑性变形增量大小,其塑性变形增量与干湿循环次数符合对数变化规律。将岩体塑性变形增量作为干湿循环作用下岩体力学性质损伤变量,当采用刚性承压板法测定岩体模量时,建议将损伤变量、变形模量与永久变形模量相结合来评价环境湿度干湿作用对红层地基岩体模量损伤规律。

一种新的用于各向同性损伤模型的四参数等效应变

基于Hsieh-Ting-Chen强度破坏准则的思想,提出由于求解混凝土各向同性损伤模量的等效应变。首先通过混凝土试件材料特性以及强度试验资料来确定四参数,然后求解出由多轴应力状态下的应变退化得到的等效应变以及相应的损伤模量。对一混凝土立方体试件进行有限元分析,计算结果表明:采用该等效应变计算所得的应力应变曲线与试验曲线吻合性较好,从而说明了该等效应变的合理性,并且可说明利用该等效应变的损伤模型不但可以描述单轴应力状态下混凝土破坏的全过程曲线,而且能描述多轴应力状态下混凝土破坏的全过程曲线。该等效应变形式单一,计算简单。

稀疏颗粒增强镍基复合材料的应力场及损伤分析

陶瓷颗粒增强镍基合金复合材料是一种性能优良的复合材料,它能够将增强相和基体的性能相结合。应用细观力学和有限元理论将复合材料简化为含两个陶瓷颗粒的单胞,对材料单向拉伸下的应力场进行模拟,分析其应力的分布情况和复合材料的性能特征。结果表明,单胞中的应力是不均匀的,高刚度颗粒的界面附近应力最大并将首先破坏。最后利用单元消去技术模拟材料开裂情况下的应力场变化及裂纹扩展路径。研究对于理论分析和实验具有一定的参考和指导作用。

适应于材料深拉延的延性损伤模型及其应用

以弹塑性有限元基本方程为基础 ,引入等效应变并采用与弹性损伤模量相关的塑性流动法则 ,得到对称弹塑性损伤刚度矩阵 .根据损伤应变能释放率与损伤变量的对偶关系 ,提出损伤耗散势的幂率形式 ,导出了损伤演化规律 .将此理论方法用于圆盘的深拉延数值分析 ,给出由损伤所引起的材料性能退化对冲头力的影响 ,得到损伤演化规律 .

Novel damage constitutive models and new quantitative identification method for stress thresholds of rocks under uniaxial compression

Four key stress thresholds exist in the compression process of rocks,i.e.,crack closure stress(σ_(cc)),crack initiation stress(σ_(ci)),crack damage stress(σ_(cd))and compressive strength(σ_(c)).The quantitative identifications of the first three stress thresholds are of great significance for characterizing the microcrack growth and damage evolution of rocks under compression.In this paper,a new method based on damage constitutive model is proposed to quantitatively measure the stress thresholds of rocks.Firstly,two different damage constitutive models were constructed based on acoustic emission(AE)counts and Weibull distribution function considering the compaction stages of the rock and the bearing capacity of the damage element.Then,the accumulative AE counts method(ACLM),AE count rate method(CRM)and constitutive model method(CMM)were introduced to determine the stress thresholds of rocks.Finally,the stress thresholds of 9 different rocks were identified by ACLM,CRM,and CMM.The results show that the theoretical stress−strain curves obtained from the two damage constitutive models are in good agreement with that of the experimental data,and the differences between the two damage constitutive models mainly come from the evolutionary differences of the damage variables.The results of the stress thresholds identified by the CMM are in good agreement with those identified by the AE methods,i.e.,ACLM and CRM.Therefore,the proposed CMM can be used to determine the stress thresholds of rocks.

冻融循环下隧道围岩冻胀力理论计算

围岩冻胀导致寒区隧道衬砌破坏,但是目前围岩冻胀力计算几乎都没有同时考虑冻融循环所导致的岩石弹性模量降低及孔隙率增加的共同影响。为此,首先,介绍前人提出的圆形隧道围岩冻胀力弹性力学计算模型;其次,基于Griffith断裂理论及细观损伤理论建立岩石弹性模量与冻融循环次数之间的关系式;最后,提出能同时考虑冻融循环下岩石弹性模量及孔隙率变化的围岩冻胀力损伤力学计算方法。研究结果表明:随着冻融循环次数增加,围岩冻胀力逐渐增加,并趋于定值。岩石冻胀力主要是由岩石孔隙水的冻结膨胀所致,因此,要减轻围岩冻胀破坏应采用截排水措施以控制水的渗入。

Freeze-thaw damage mechanism of elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures at different confining pressures

As a frequently-used roadbed filler,soil-rock mixture is often in the environment of freeze-thaw cycles and different confining pressures.In order to study the freeze-thaw damage mechanism of elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures at different confining pressures,the concept of meso-interfacial freeze-thaw damage coefficient is put forward and the meso-interfacial damage phenomenon of soil-rock mixtures caused by the freeze-thaw cycle environment is concerned;a double-inclusion embedded model for elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures in freezing-thawing cycle is proposed.A large triaxial test was performed and the influences of confining pressure and experimental factors on elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures were obtained,and then the accuracy of the double-inclusion embedded model to predict the elastic modulus of soil-rock mixtures in freezing-thawing cycle is verified.Experiment results showed that as to soil-rock mixtures,with the increase of confining pressure,the elastic modulus increases approximately linearly.The most crucial factors to affect the elastic modulus are rock content and compaction degree at the same confining pressure;the elastic modulus increases with the increase of rock content and compactness;as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases,the freeze-thaw damage coefficient of meso-structural interface and the elastic modulus decrease.

A fatigue damage model for asphalt mixtures under controlled-stress and controlled-strain modes

A fatigue damage model based on thermodynamics was deduced for asphalt mixtures under controlled-stress and controlled-strain modes. By employing modulus of resilience as the damage hardening variable, a damage variable related with dynamic modulus was extracted as the evaluation index. Then, the damage evolution law under two control modes was proposed, and it has a similar form to the Chaboche fatigue model with a nonnegative material parameter m related to its loading level. Experimental data of four loading levels were employed to calibrate the model and identify the parameter in both control modes. It is found that the parameter m shows an exponential relationship with its loading level. Besides, the difference of damage evolution under two control modes was explained by the law. The damage evolves from fast to slow under a controlled-strain mode. However, under a controlled-stress mode, the evolution rate is just the opposite. By using the damage equivalence principle to calculate the equivalent cycle numbers, the deduced model also interprets the difference of damage evolution under two control modes on the condition of multilevel loading. Under a controlled-strain mode, a loading sequence from a low level to a high level accelerates damage evolution. An inverse order under the controlled-stress mode can prolong fatigue life.

Thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling damage model of brittle rock

Based on fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and damage mechanics, thermal-hydro-mechanical （THM） coupling damage model of brittle rock is established by analyzing THM coupling mechanism, where THM coupling damage variable DTHM is dominated by TH coupling damage variable DTH, TM coupling damage variable DTM and HM coupling damage variable DHM, and DTH is firstly expressed in term of dimensionless total thermal conductivity of the water Nu. Permeability test, uni-axial compression test and THM coupling test are conducted to measure the permeability, elastic modulus and THM coupling stress-strain curves of brittle rock. The tested values of THM coupling elastic modulus E＇HM are in good agreement with the predicted values of THM coupling elastic modulus ETHM, which can verify the newly established THM coupling damage model.

Mechanical properties of deep sandstones under loading rate effect

The advance speed of the working face in coal mines can significantly affect the fluctuation frequency of abutment pressure in front of the coal body.Moreover,it has a certain correlation with the change of axial loading rate in coal and rock mechanics test.Therefore,uniaxial compression tests under various loading rates of 0.05,0.1,0.15,0.25,0.5 MPa/s were conducted using 2000 kN triaxial testing machine and PCI-2 acoustic emission test system to study the loading rate effect on the mechanical properties of deep sandstones.The results show that 1)the peak strength and elastic modulus of the deep sandstone increase with the loading rate increasing;2)with the loading rate increasing,the deep sandstone transforms from plastic-elastic-plastic to plastic-elastic and moreover,the failure mode gradually transfers from type I to type III;3)With the loading rate increasing,the total input strain energy,elastic strain energy,and dissipated strain energy generally increase;4)the damage variable presents the evolution characteristics of inverted“S”shape with time,and with the loading rate increasing,the damage degree of the deep sandstone is aggravated.The conclusion obtained can provide the theoretical basis for the stability control of the surrounding rock in deep engineering.

Dynamic failure mode and energy-based identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers

The dynamic failure mode and energybased identification method for a counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers are discussed in this paper using large scale shaking table test and the Hilbert-Huang Transform(HHT) marginal spectrum.The results show that variations in the peak values of marginal spectra can clearly indicate the process of dynamic damage development inside the model slope.The identification results of marginal spectra closely coincide with the monitoring results of slope face displacement in the test.When subjected to the earthquake excitation with 0.1 g and 0.2 g amplitudes,no seismic damage is observed in the model slope,while the peak values of marginal spectra increase linearly with increasing slope height.In the case of 0.3 g seismic excitation,dynamic damage occurs near the slope crest and some rock blocks fall off the slope crest.When the seismic excitation reaches 0.4 g,the dynamic damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height of 0.295-0.6,and minor horizontal cracks occur in the middle part of the model slope.When the seismic excitation reaches 0.6 g,the damage further extends to the slope toe,and the damage inside the model slope extends to the part with relative height below 0.295,and the upper part(near the relative height of 0.8) slides outwards.Longitudinal fissures appear in the slope face,which connect with horizontal cracks,the weak intercalated layers at middle slope height are extruded out and the slope crest breaks up.The marginal spectrum identification results demonstrate that the dynamic damage near the slope face is minor as compared with that inside the model slope.The dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers is extrusion and sliding at the middle rock strata.The research results of this paper are meaningful for the further understanding of the dynamic failure mode of counter-bedding rock slope with weak intercalated layers.

Ultrasonic testing and microscopic analysis on concrete under sulfate attack and cyclic environment

The damage process of concrete exposed to sodium sulfate attack and drying-wetting cycles was investigated. The water to binder(W/B) ratio and the concentration of sulfate solution were taken as variable parameters. Through the experiment, visual change, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity(RDME) and the surface damage layer thickness of concrete were measured.Furthermore, SEM and thermal analysis were used to investigate the changing of microstructure and corrosion products of concrete.The test results show that the ultrasonic velocity is related to the damage layer of concrete. It approves that an increase in damage layer thickness reduces the compactness and the ultrasonic velocity. The deterioration degree of concrete could be estimated effectively by measuring the surface damage layer and the RDME of concrete. It is also found that the content of gypsum in concrete is less than that of ettringite in test, and some gypsum is checked only after a certain corrosion extent. When the concrete is with high W/B ratio or exposed to high concentration of sulfate solution, the content of ettringite first increases and then decreases with corrosion time. However, the content of gypsum increases at a steady rate. The content of corrosion products does not correspond well with the observations of RDME change, and extensive amount of corrosion products can be formed before obvious damage occurs.

Modal Strain Energy Based Structural Damage Localization for Offshore Platform using Simulated and Measured Data

Modal strain energy based methods for damage detection have received much attention. However, most of published articles use numerical methods and some studies conduct modal tests with simple 1D or 2D structures to verify the damage detection algorithms. Only a few studies utilize modal testing data from 3D frame structures. Few studies conduct performance comparisons between two different modal strain energy based methods. The objective of this paper is to investigate and compare the effectiveness of a traditional modal strain energy method(Stubbs index) and a recently developed modal strain energy decomposition(MSED) method for damage localization, for such a purpose both simulated and measured data from an offshore platform model being used. Particularly, the mode shapes used in the damage localization are identified and synthesized from only two measurements of one damage scenario because of the limited number of sensors. The two methods were first briefly reviewed. Next, using a 3D offshore platform model, the damage detection algorithms were implemented with different levels of damage severities for both single damage and multiple damage cases. Finally, a physical model of an offshore steel platform was constructed for modal testing and for validating the applicability. Results indicate that the MSED method outperforms the Stubbs index method for structural damage detection.

Evaluation of vehicle damage involved in road crashes based on quantificated model

Based on economics theory,social value loss caused by vehicle involved in crashes as well as various factors influencing on it were analyzed,the corresponding mi- cro-econometrics model was theoretically given.Moreover,the practicability of the model, the veracity and rationality of quantification were analyzed.Based on probability theory and mathematical statistical theory,macro approach to evaluating vehicle damage in crashes was presented,and the corresponding macro-econometrics model was con- structed.In addition,the macro-econometrics model was utilized to assess economic loss from statistical data of vehicle damaged in crashes,which has shown that the model can meet the demand of quantification analysis of vehicle damage,and be applied to the evaluation of economic loss caused by crashes.The results in this paper will be of practic- al significance for scientific,comprehensive and rational evaluating socio-economic loss caused by road crashes.

Study of elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil with high organic content

On the basis of elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil,the authors took organic contents into reasonable damage variable evolution equation in order to seek relation between the organic contents and parameters in the equation,and established the elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil considering organic contents.The results show that the parameters change correspondingly with difference of the organic contents.The higher the organic contents are,the less the valves of the parameters such as elastic modulus(E),material parameters(K,n) and damage evolution parameter(ε) become,but the larger strain damage threshold value(εd) of the sample is.Meanwhile,the calculation results obtained from established model are compared with the test data in the condition of common indoors test,which is testified with reliability.

考虑非线性峰后损伤的圆形巷道围岩稳定性分析

为研究巷道围岩的稳定性,考虑围岩损伤后弹性模量的变化,采用统一强度准则,对巷道围岩进行极限平衡状态分析,推导出巷道损伤区半径及应力分布的解析表达式,通过算例分析损伤区弹性模量、中间主应力和扩容对理论解的影响。结果表明:损伤区半径随扩容系数的增大而增大;随着损伤区弹性模量的增大,损伤区半径逐渐增大,切向应力峰值逐渐减小且距离巷道壁面越远;中间主应力系数越大,损伤区半径越小,切向应力峰值越大且离巷道壁面越近。

A plastic damage model for concrete structure cracks with two damage variables

Based on the concepts of continuum damage theory,a new plastic damage model for concrete crack failure is developed through studying the basic damage mechanics.Two damage variables,tensile damage variable for tensile damage and shear damage variable for compressive damage,are adopted to represent the influence of microscopic damage on material macromechanics properties under tensile and compressive loadings.The yield criteria and flow rule determining the plasticity of concrete are established in the effective stress space,which is convenient to decouple the damage process from the plastic process and calibrate material parameters with experimental results.Meanwhile,the plastic part of the proposed model can be implemented by back-Euler implicit algorithm,and the damage part is explicit.Consequently,there exist robust algorithms for integrating the constitutive relations using finite element method.Comparison with several experimental results shows that the model is capable of simulating the nonlinear performance of concrete under multiaxial stress state and can be applied to practical concrete structures.

Clinical study on Tuina plus physical agents for lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle in gymnasts

Objective To compare the efficacy of Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage)plus physical agents and physical agents alone for lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle in gymnasts,and to explore the feasibility of Tuina for injury intervention in competitive athletes.Methods A total of 64 gymnasts with types Ⅰ-Ⅱ lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle were selected and divided into a control group and an observation group according to a full analysis set based on the intention-to-treat principle,with 32 cases in each group.Patients in the control group received ultrasound and microwave treatment,while those in the observation group received additional Tuina manipulations.The efficacy was evaluated by total effective rate,visual analog scale(VAS)score,and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scale(AOFAS-AHS)score.Results The total effective rate was 96.9% in the observation group and 90.6% in the control group.There was no statistical difference in the total effective rate between the two groups(P>0.05).The markedly effective rate was 75.0% in the observation group and 46.9% in the control group.The markedly effective rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the VAS scores of both groups showed a downward trend,and there were statistical differences between different treatment time points in the same group(P<0.05).After one and three months of treatment,the VAS scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).There were statistical differences in the AOFAS-AHS score before and after treatment within the same group(P<0.05).After one month of treatment,there was no statistical difference in the AOFAS-AHS score between the two groups(P>0.05).After three months of treatment,the AOFAS-AHS score in the observation group was higher than that in the control group,indicating statistical significance(P<0.05).There was an interaction between time and group(P<0.05).Conclusion Tuina plus physical agents can improve the symptoms of lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle in gymnasts.This combined treatment is superior to physical agents alone in relieving pain and improving joint functions.Therefore,Tuina plus physical agents can be used as a treatment for lateral collateral ligament injury of ankle in gymnasts.

Clinical study of warm needling moxibustion plus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate for hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis

Objective:To observe the efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate for hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis(AS).Methods:A total of 60 patients with hip involvement in AS were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group,with 30 cases in each group.The patients in the control group were given an intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate,once a week.The patients in the observation group were given additional warm needling moxibustion,once a day,with a 2-day interval after five consecutive days of treatment.After 5 weeks,changes in such indicators as visual analog scale(VAS)score,Harris score,Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index(BASDAI),Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index(BASFI),serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein(COMP),interleukin(IL)-17 were observed,and the efficacy was evaluated.Six months after treatment,Bath ankylosing spondylitis radiology index-hip(BASRI-hip)was evaluated.Results:After treatment,the total effective rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the VAS scores in both groups were lower than those before treatment(P<0.05),and the score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the Harris scores of both groups were higher than those before treatment(P<0.05),and the score of the observation group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).Six months after treatment,the BASRI-hip score of the control group was higher than that before treatment(P<0.05),while the score of the observation group was not significantly different from that before treatment(P>0.05)and was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the scores of BASDAI and BASFI of both groups were lower than those before treatment(P<0.05),and the scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the levels of serum COMP and IL-17 of both groups were lower than those before treatment(P<0.05),and the levels of the observation group were lower than those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The efficacy of warm needling moxibustion plus intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate for hip involvement in AS is better than the intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate alone.This combined approach can alleviate hip pain,improve hip functions,delay the destruction of the hip,prevent AS development,and reduce the levels of serum COMP and IL-17.