消费者损失类型对品牌关系断裂意愿的影响

文章探讨了品牌关系投入与消费者损失类型(单一损失与群体损失)的交互作用,以及对品牌关系断裂意愿产生的影响。研究结果表明:消费者损失类型不同,其对品牌关系投入感知不同,进而产生不同的关系断裂意愿。相对于优待和道歉,修复是品牌关系投入的优先措施;品牌关系投入策略中含有道歉时更能减少群体损失消费者的关系断裂意愿;品牌关系投入越多,并不意味着消费者的感知就会越强烈。

论海运承运人单位赔偿责任限制所涵盖的损失类型——兼对UNCITRAL《运输法》(草案)的评论

在国际海上货物运输中,单位赔偿责任限制是承运人赔偿责任的一项重要内容。结合有关国际公约,重点分析了单位责任限制应当包含的损失类型,同时对中国《海商法》及《运输法》(草案)的相关规定进行了评论并提出修改建议。

一种基于损失类型的山洪灾害分类方法及其在广西的应用

提出了一种基于损失类型的山洪灾害分类方法,将山洪灾害分为农村型、城镇型、矿山型、水利水电型、交通型、旅游型等6大类型,并应用此方法对广西的山洪灾害典型案例进行分类研究,发现此分类方法可作为当前山洪灾害分类方法的重要补充,也可以弥补现行灾情统计制度的不足,并可为城乡规划、应急管理等部门参与山洪灾害的防灾减灾提供有益参考。

听力学检查结果预测新生儿听力损失程度及类型的研究

目的探讨新生儿听力筛查中听性脑干反应(auditory brainstem response,ABR)对听力损失程度及类型的预测作用。方法选择2008年1月-2014年12月来我院行听力筛查的新生儿485例,利用ABR检测、声导抗检测、40Hz听觉相关电位检测、畸变产物耳声发射(distortion product otoacoustic emission,DPOAE)检测方法对新生儿进行初筛、复筛及复查。结果 485例新生儿ABR听力损失初筛发现49耳轻度(10.10%)、31耳中度(6.60%)、30耳重度(6.19%)、23耳极重度(4.74%),左耳听力损失占13.20%,右耳听力损失占14.23%;ABR听力损失复筛发现33耳轻度(6.80%)、25耳中度(5.15%)、22耳重度(4.54%)、14耳极重度(2.89%),左耳听力损失占9.90%,右耳听力损失占9.48%,初、复筛左右耳听力损失例数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。485例新生儿ABR听力损失初筛发现84耳感音神经性聋(17.32%)、17耳传导性聋(3.51%)、32耳混合性聋(6.60%),ABR听力损失复筛发现59耳感音神经性聋(12.16%)、16耳传导性聋(3.30%)、19耳混合性聋(3.92%),以感音神经性聋耳数显著(P<0.05)。485例新生儿ABR听力损失初筛发现434耳A型声导抗峰型(89.48%)、19耳As型声导抗峰型(3.92%)、31耳B型声导抗峰型(6.39%)、1耳C型声导抗峰型(0.21%);ABR听力损失复筛发现452耳A型声导抗峰型(93.20%)、9耳As型声导抗峰型(1.86%)、23耳B型声导抗峰型(4.74%)、1耳C型声导抗峰型(0.21%)。ABR听力损失初、复筛声导抗峰型变化差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论在新生儿听力筛查中,ABR检测对左右耳听力损失程度无预测作用,但可预测新生儿听力损失的类型。在新生儿筛查后更应建立健全新生儿听力筛查及诊断网络随访机制。

北京地区森林资源损失额的价值计量研究概述

森林资源与北京地区社会经济、发展及人文、生态环境建设之间有着密切的依存关系。然而,由于自然、社会和历史原因,北京地区森林资源的人工性、人为干扰性十分突出,即森林资源易遭受各种自然灾害侵袭和人为破坏,这些都会给森林资源带来重大损失。在北京地区的林业执法实践中,对这种森林资源损失案件损失额度大小的计量,始终缺乏科学、合理的计量标准和客观、系统的评估方法,也没有一种科学的衡量尺度和处罚依据,妨碍了林业执法的公正和公平。因此,迫切需要建立一套科学合理的评价体系和计量标准,运用到林业案件实际处理中,从而满足林业管理及林业执法实践的需要。该文根据不同类型森林资源损失所具有的不同特点,依据总评估中“分类评估”的思路与原则,形成了不同森林资源损失类型,包括林木损失、种苗损失、野生动物损失、野生植物损失以及林地损失的具体的评估思路,相应地形成了森林资源损失的5大类16亚类的分类评估体系。并进一步建立了不同森林资源损失类型的评估结构和计量模型,包括林木损失额及野生植物损失额的总评估结构与总计量模型,种苗损失额、野生动物损失额、林地损失额的总评估结构、总计量模型与分计量模型。该文提出的评估思路、评估结构以及最终建立的一系列计量模型,不仅可以为不同森林资源损害的经济赔偿提供参考,而且可以为林业执法及处理林事纠纷提供科学依据。

规划与私权利的界限:基于损失补偿维度的观察

并非所有基于城市规划发生的损失都具有请求权基础,必须区别不同的损失类型进行具体的判断。首先,规划对于私权利的限制如果处于财产权社会义务的程度内,对此权利人应当忍受。其次,城市规划给相对人附随带来的反射性利益并非法律对特定个人予以保护的权利,这一利益的减损不具有补偿请求权。再次,虽然信赖保护是行政法领域的一般原则,但在城市规划变更的情形,应当限制该原则的适用。在城市规划领域,扩张征收性质的侵害是最为重要的一种应补偿的财产损失类型。至于城市规划造成损失的救济路径,则应当借助法律拟制技术,然后经由新《行政诉讼法》所创设的巨大可诉性空间来解决。

论“二选一”行为致经营者损失的民事赔偿标准

由于我国反垄断立法对民事赔偿责任方面的规则较为简单,且对于损失的赔偿范围和标准没有明确的规定,面对实践中层出不穷且复杂多样的垄断案件,这种原则化的规定在司法适用中具有较大的不确定性,也难以为司法审判提供有效指引。因此,本文通过总结司法经验和借鉴比较法经验,对“二选一”行为导致的具有可预见性和可赔偿性的损失类型予以列举。在明确列举可赔偿损失类型的基础上,通过借鉴美国反垄断损害赔偿数额计算的经验和方法,并结合我国反垄断实践情况,提出具有较强操作性的损失赔偿数额的计算方法,包括前后方法、标杆方法、市场份额方法、回归分析方法、前后价值比较法、修复费用法以及利润外推法,以期为司法裁判提供参考。

刑法“重大损失”司法解释的缺陷及完善思路探究

"重大损失"是刑法中的一个重要概念,在刑法典和司法解释中均多次出现,要么作为普通的构成要件影响定罪,要么作为加重结果影响量刑,甚至兼而有之。由于"重大损失"是一个高度抽象的概念,需要通过解释来确定其范围,因此司法解释对带有"重大损失"的刑法规范的适用,具有决定性意义。通过梳理可以发现,有关"重大损失"的司法解释一方面存在解释缺失、过度扩张和内容不完整等个性问题,另一方面存在设置兜底性解释和以货币计量的经济损失类型、数额配置混乱等共性问题。究其原因,很大程度上是因为重大损失自身理论即文义解释和性质的含混,以及重大损失与其他刑法概念相关性的认识错误。为了更好地指导司法实践,有必要完善相关司法解释,明确"重大损失"的性质、内容,增补缺失的司法解释,同时废止兜底性解释条款,重新划分以货币计量的经济损失类型,统一渎职性犯罪故意和过失致损的数额配置。

云南森林资源抗雨雪冰冻灾害能力比较研究

依据2008年云南省发生雨雪冰冻灾害调查数据,采用直接对比法,分析云南不同区域、地类、树种(组)、龄组、损失类型的森林资源受灾情况和抗灾能力。结果表明,昭通市、文山州灾害损失最为严重,未成林造林地灾害损失最大,外来树种灾害损失最大,中龄林受灾比例高,受灾类型主要是树木主干折断。藉此,提出在今后的森林资源管理中,应加强对极端气候的预测、预报,造林树种应以乡土树种为主,加强天然林资源保护,慎重开展天然林改造等建议。

综合办公大楼的雷击风险评估方法

根据标准和现行法律法规的规定,雷电风险评估应在新建建筑物的设计之前进行,或在防雷整改工程实施之前完成,其目的是使雷电防护设计建立在科学的基础上,避免盲目性,保证防雷工程安全可靠、技术先进、经济合理。该文通过对某综合办公大楼进行施工前的雷电风险评估,来具体说明评估的方法。

雷电风险评估中风险的计算

通过参与《盘东北循环经济型煤焦化项目雷电风险评估报告》、《毕节卷烟厂技改项目雷电风险评估报告》的编制工作,本人对雷电风险评估中风险的计算作出总结和一些个人心得,为雷电风险评估风险的计算提供了一种方法和思路。

影响雷击灾害风险因子分析

雷电灾害风险评估是雷电灾害防护中重要的组成部分。利用雷电灾害风险评估中的数据、结论可以更加有效、有针对性的制定雷电灾害防护的防护设计与方案,与此同时节约成本,达到最佳经济效益。本文通过对雷击灾害风险中,损害和损失类型的分析,得出各类因子如何影响雷击灾害风险值,从而有针对性的降低风险因子,提高雷电防护安全。

论违约损害赔偿中可预见性规则的适用

在合同违约损害赔偿的限制规则中,可预见性规则合理存续的根据为“意思说”,是对善意的双方在合同订立时的意思作的补充解释,是其综合多种因素作出的风险安排。则违约方存在故意或重大过失时不符合预想的主观状态,不应再受该规则的保护。从现实预见可能性和便于类型化的目的来看,可预见内容宜认定为损失类型。总体来说,违约行为对损害发生的原因力越小、所对应数额的确定性越低,要求的可预见性程度就越高,需要参考的因素就越多。实际损失中的守约方因采取补救措施而另行支付的费用和根据合同类型可得出的典型可得利益损失一般宜认定为可预见,无须考虑具体合同情形;而其余损失则需考虑缔约时的特殊情况,要根据合同目的、双方身份、合同订立时间等因素加以判断。

建设工程“可得利益损失”的认定

可得利益损失指当事人订立合同时,能够合理预见到合同在履行以后可以实现和得到的利益。买卖合同纠纷中,对于可得利益损失的认定需结合损失类型、应当预见的时间点、损失数额等事实分析并排除相关不合理因素,正确理解和认定可得利益损失是否超出合理预见范围。建设工程施工合同因一方根本违约解除后,守约方通过履行合同可获得的期待利益落空.

Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture Balance for Vegetative Restoration in a Gully Catchment on the Loess Plateau, China

Evapotranspiration, soil moisture balance and the dynamics in a gully catchment of the Loess Plateau in China were determined with 6 land use treatments including natural grassland, shrubs （Caragana rnicrophylla）, two woodlands （Prunus armeniaca var. ansu and Pinus tabulaeformis）, cultivated fallow, and farmland （Triticum aestiuum L.） in order to obtain a better understanding of soil moisture balance principles and to improve vegetation restoration efficiency for ecological rebuilding on the plateau. Average runoff from cultivated fallow was very high, reaching 10.3% of the seasonal rainfall. Evapotranspiration under T. aestivurn was not significantly different from natural grasslands. Compared with natural grass, evapotranspiration was significantly greater （P 〈 0.05） in 2002 and there was an increase in soil moisture depleted in the 1-3 m soil under P. armeniaca, P. tabulaeformis and C. microphylla. During the two years of the study the average soil moisture （0-100 cm soil profile） of T. aestivurn was generally the highest, with P. armeniaca, P. tabulaeformis and C. rnicrophylla usually the lowest. Thus, according to the soil moisture balance principle for this area the planned reforestation project was not ecologically reasonable. Reducing human disturbance and restoration with grass could be more effective.

Responses of soil moisture to vegetation restoration type and slope length on the loess hillslope

Soil moisture, a critical variable in the hydrologic cycle, is highly influenced by vegetation restoration type. However, the relationship between spatial variation of soil moisture, vegetation restoration type and slope length is controversial. Therefore, soil moisture across soil layers（0-400 cm depth） was measured before and after the rainy season in severe drought（2015） and normal hydrological year（2016） in three vegetation restoration areas（artificial forestland, natural forestland and grassland）, on the hillslopes of the Caijiachuan Catchment in the Loess area, China. The results showed that artificial forestland had the lowest soil moisture and most severe water deficit in 100-200 cm soil layers. Water depletion was higher in artificial and natural forestlands than in natural grassland. Moreover, soil moisture in the shallow soil layers（0-100 cm） under the three vegetation restoration types did not significantly vary with slope length, but a significant increase with slope length was observed in deep soil layers（below 100 cm）. In2015, a severe drought hydrological year, higher water depletion was observed at lower slope positions under three vegetation restoration types due to higher transpiration and evapotranspiration and unlikely recharge from upslope runoff. However, in 2016, a normal hydrological year, there was lower water depletion, even infiltration recharge at lower slope positions, indicating receiving a large amount of water from upslope. Vegetation restoration type, precipitation, slope length and soil depth during a rainy season, in descending order of influence, had significant effects on soil moisture. Generally, natural grassland is more beneficial for vegetation restoration than natural and artificial forestlands, and the results can provide useful information for understanding hydrological processes and improving vegetation restoration practices on the Loess Plateau

Economic burden of irritable bowel syndrome in China

AIM To estimate annual direct and indirect costs for patients diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) and subtypes.METHODS Patients completed a standardized questionnaire concerning usage of healthcare resources, travel costs, meals, and productivity loss of patients when seeking treatment for IBS. Total annual costs per patient were calculated as the sum of direct(including medical and nonmedical) and indirect costs. Total annual costs per patient among various IBS subtypes were compared. Analysis of variance and bootstrapped independent sample t-tests were performed to determine differences between groups after controlling for IBS subtypes.RESULTS A total of 105 IBS patients(64.80% female), mean age of 57.12 years ± 10.31 years), mean disease duration of 4.31 years ± 5.40 years, were included. Total annual costs per patient were estimated as CNy18262.84(USD2933.08). Inpatient and outpatient healthcare use were major cost drivers, accounting for 46.41%and 23.36% of total annual costs, respectively. Productivity loss accounted for 25.32% of total annual costs. The proportions of direct and indirect costs were similarto published studies in other countries. Nationally, the total costs of managing IBS would amount to CNy123.83 billion(USD1.99 billion). Among the IBS subtypes, total annual costs per patient of IBS-M was highest at CNy18891.18(USD3034). Furthermore, there was significant difference in productivity loss among IBS subtypes(P = 0.031).CONCLUSION IBS imposes a huge economic burden on patients and healthcare systems, which could account for 3.3% of the total healthcare budget for the entire Chinese nation. More than two-thirds of total annual costs of IBS consist of inpatient and outpatient healthcare use. Among the subtypes, IBS-M patients appear to have the greatest economic burden but require further confirmation.

A Review of the Study on the Uncertainty of Earthquake Loss Estimation

In this paper,the types of research methods that contain uncertainty are first introduced,and then the description is concentrated on the progress of study on different types of uncertainties in seismic disaster and loss estimation. The main methods applied to uncertainty study are reviewed. Preliminary discussion of the problems currently existing in estimation is also made.

Constrained Bayesian Method for Testing the Directional Hypotheses

The paper discusses the generalization of constrained Bayesian method （CBM） for arbitrary loss functions and its application for testing the directional hypotheses. The problem is stated in terms of false and true discovery rates. One more criterion of estimation of directional hypotheses tests quality, the Type III errors rate, is considered. The ratio among discovery rates and the Type III errors rate in CBM is considered. The advantage of CBM in comparison with Bayes and frequentist methods is theoretically proved and demonstrated by an example.

Cereal Storage Techniques： A Review

Cereal grains are stored to preserve the product from storing to consuming without any quality loss. The choice of the most suitable and economical store has great importance on storage period of cereals under consideration of climate conditions, types of grain and transportation facility. The aim of present study was to give information about different cereal storage methods and discuss the most preferable technique for stock keepers. There are five main storage methods for the cereals, i.e., bulk storage, storage in underground pit, storage in bags, storage in sheds and storage in silos. Each has many advantages and disadvantages. Grains are usually preserved as bulk stack in horizontal stores. Nowadays, the storage underground is not preferred in cereal industry. For long-term storage period, cereals are unfavorable when stored as bulk in bags. Location, moisture content and sufficient ventilation are important factors for cereals stored in sheds. The most preferred storage technique in plants is to keep the products in silos. Steel and galvanized silos are the most common ones when compared with the others. In recent years, convention of storage techniques for grains has been advanced with the innovations, such as aeration, refrigerated storage, modified atmospheric storage and hermetic storage systems.