本钢冷轧厂酸洗-酸再生机组生产工艺的优化

介绍了本钢冷轧薄板厂酸洗-酸再生机组的工艺流程,对机组的各项工艺参数进行了统计分析,并提出工艺优化方案以及酸再生机组换酸能力相对不足的解决办法。

Prediction of valid acidity in intact apples with Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy

To develop nondestructive acidity prediction for intact Fuji apples, the potential of Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) method with fiber optics in interactance mode was investigated. Interactance in the 800 nm to 2619 nm region was measured for intact apples, harvested from early to late maturity stages. Spectral data were analyzed by two multivariate calibra- tion techniques including partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) methods. A total of 120 Fuji apples were tested and 80 of them were used to form a calibration data set. The influences of different data preprocessing and spectra treatments were also quantified. Calibration models based on smoothing spectra were slightly worse than that based on derivative spectra, and the best result was obtained when the segment length was 5 nm and the gap size was 10 points. Depending on data preprocessing and PLS method, the best prediction model yielded correlation coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.759, low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.0677, low root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.0562. The results indicated the feasibility of FT-NIR spectral analysis for predicting apple valid acidity in a nondestructive way.

Effects of Composted and Thermally Dried Sewage Sludges on Soil and Soil Humic Acid Properties

The effect of annual additions of composted sewage sludge (CS) and thermally dried sewage sludge (TS) at 80 t ha-1 on soil chemical properties was investigated for three years in a field experiment under semiarid conditions. Humic acids (HAs) isolated by conventional procedures from CS, TS, and unamended (SO) and sludge amended soils were analysed for elemental (C, H, N, S and O) and acidic functional groups (carboxylic and phenolic) and by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies. With respect to CS, TS had similar pH and total P and K contents, larger dry matter, total organic C, total N and C/N ratio and smaller ash content and electrical conductivity. Amendment with both CS and TS induced a number of modifications in soil properties, including an increase of pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C, total N, and available P. The CS-HA had greater O, total acidity, carboxyl, and phenolic OH group contents and smaller C and H contents than TS-HA. The CS-HA and TS-HA had larger N and S contents, smaller C, O and acidic functional group contents, and lower aromatic polycondensation and humification degrees than SO-HA. Amended soil-HAs showed C, H, N and S contents larger than SO-HA, suggesting that sludge HAs were partially incorporated into soil HAs. These effects were more evident with increasing number of sludge applications.

Kinetic Parameters Determination Using Reaction Calorimetry： Study of Sodium Benzoate Synthesis

A modified systematic approach to determination of the kinetics of well known reaction from calorimetric data is addressed in this study. Because the application of calorimetry does not depend upon knowledge of concentration profiles, it has the advantage over other real-time analyses. Estimated kinetic parameters were compared with the ones obtained with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FTIR）. The chosen reaction was ethyl benzoate saponification performed in homogeneous reaction medium, although it is known as heterogeneous reaction. Thus, the rate expression was developed where no mass transfer is considered. The reaction was carried out in a MettlerTM RCI reaction calorimeter.

酸洗缓蚀剂的应用研究

酸洗缓蚀剂可对带钢表面产生较好的防护作用,从而减少酸对带钢的腐蚀。研究了缓蚀剂的作用机理,对添加、未添加及添加不同量缓蚀剂酸洗后带钢的表面质量、成材率,以及对停机带钢的作用效果进行了试验对比。结果表明:添加缓蚀剂未影响氧化铁皮的酸洗效率,但可以明显降低盐酸对带钢的腐蚀程度,有效降低铁损、抑制过酸洗的发生,使酸洗后带钢表面白亮,可提高成材率0.162%,降低吨钢换酸量13.8%,同时有利于停机卷的轧制,改善车间环境,减少污染。

Soil Acidification of Alfisols as Influenced by Tea Cultivation in Eastern China

Soil acidification is an important process in land degradation around the world as well as in China.Acidification of Alfisols was investigated in the tea gardens with various years of tea cultivation in the eastern China.Cultivation of tea plants caused soil acidification and soil acidity increased with the increase of tea cultivation period.Soil pH of composite samples from cultivated layers decreased by 1.37,1.62 and 1.85,respectively,after 13,34 and 54 years of tea plantation,as compared to the surface soil obtained from the unused land.Soil acidification rates at early stages of tea cultivation were found to be higher than those at the later stages.The acidification rate for the period of 0-13 years was as high as 4.40 kmol H + ha ?1 year ?1 for the cultivated layer samples.Soil acidification induced the decrease of soil exchangeable base cations and base cation saturation and thus increased the soil exchangeable acidity.Soil acidification also caused the decrease of soil cation exchange capacity,especially for the 54-year-old tea garden.Soil acidification induced by tea plantation also led to the increase of soil exchangeable Al and soluble Al,which was responsible for the Al toxicity to plants.

An above-room-temperature switchable molecular dielectric with a large dielectric change between high and low dielectric states

Dielectric anisotropy of anilinium perchlorate is investigated at various temperatures. Crystal structures at different temperatures reveal that significant dielectric change between low and high dielectric states is closely related to the disorder of the anilinium cation and perchlorate anion at high dielectric state; meanwhile, the conductivity after phase transition also contributes a lot to the high dielectric state.

Influence of Humic Acid on Interaction of Ammonium and Potassium Ions on Clay Minerals

Interaction of ammonium (NH+4) and potassium (K+) is typical in field soils. However, the effects of organic matter on interaction of NH+4 and K+have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we examined the changes in major physicochemical properties of three clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite) after humic acid (HA) coating and evaluated the influences of these changes on the interaction of NH+4 and K+on clay minerals using batch experiments. After HA coating, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) and specific surface area (SSA) of montmorillonite decreased significantly, while little decrease in CEC and SSA occurred in illite and only a slight increase in CEC was found in kaolinite. Humic acid coating significantly increased cation adsorption and preference for NH+4, and this effect was more obvious on clay minerals with a lower CEC. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis showed that HA coating promoted the formation of H-bonds between the adsorbed NH+4 and the organo-mineral complexes. HA coating increased cation fixation capacity on montmorillonite and kaolinite, but the opposite occurred on illite. In addition, HA coating increased the competitiveness of NH+4 on fixation sites. These results showed that HA coating affected both the nature of clay mineral surfaces and the reactions of NH+4 and K+with clay minerals, which might influence the availability of nutrient cations to plants in field soils amended with organic matter.

Robust quantum secure direct communication with a quantum one-time pad over a collective-noise channel

We present two robust quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) schemes with a quantum one-time pad over a collective-noise channel. Each logical qubit is made up of two physical qubits and it is invariant over a collective-noise channel. The two photons in each logical qubit can be produced with a practically entangled source, i.e., a parametric down-conversion source with a beta barium borate crystal and a pump pulse of ultraviolet light. The information is encoded on each logical qubit with two logical unitary operations, which will not destroy the antinoise feather of the quantum systems. The receiver Bob can read out the sender's message directly with two single-photon measurements on each logical qubit, instead of Bell-state measurements, which will make these protocols more convenient in a practical application. With current technology, our two robust QSDC schemes are feasible and may be optimal ones.

Effects of Common Ions on Zn Sorption in Some Calcareous Soils of Western Iran

Zinc （Zn） is essential to plant growth and relatively mobile in soils. This study was conducted to assess the effect of common ions （Ca2＋, K＋, Na＋, NH＋, CI-, NO3-, and H2PO4） on sorption of Zn in surface samples of ten calcareous soils from western Iran using 10 mmol L-1 KC1, KNO3, KH2P04, Ca（N03）2, NAN03, and NH4N03 solutions as background electrolytes. The results indicated that both NH＋, K＋, and Ca2＋ equally decreased Zn sorption as compared to Na＋. Zinc sorption was decreased by H2PO4- as compared to NO3 and Cl-. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations fitted closely to the sorption data of all ions. The Langmuir maximum, bonding energy constant, and Freundlich distribution coefficient for Zn sorption differed among the various ionic background electrolytes. Langmuir sorption parameters showed that the presence of H2PO4- decreased the maximum Zn adsorbed, but increased the bonding energy. Although K＋ and NH＋ equally influenced maximum Zn adsorbed, they differed in their effect on the distribution coefficient of Zn in soils. Values of saturation index calculated using Visual MINTEQ indicated that at the low Zn concentration, Zn solubility was controlled by sorption reactions and at the high Zn concentration, it was mainly controlled by sorption and mineral precipitation reactions, such as precipitation of Zn3（PO4）2.4H2O, Zn5（OH）6（CO3）2, and ZnCO3. For most ionic background electrolytes, soil pH, CaC03, and cation exchange capacity （CEC） were significantly correlated with sorption parameters.