Testing and analysis of rainwater quality in Shenyang

To explore the influence of rainwater quality on rain utilization projects the rainwater of building roofs community runoff and municipal outlets which were taken from Hunnan New District of Shenyang was detected and analyzed for one year. The results show that the main pollutants affecting the quality of the rainwater are chemical oxygen demand COD and suspended solids SS which is especially obvious at the beginning of rainfall. With the duration of the rainfall water quality improves.The contents of COD and SS in municipal outlets are the highest which are 167 to 249 mg/L and 119 to 332 mg/L respectively. The contents of COD and SS are 27 to 85 and 106 to 269 mg/L in community runoff 15 to 80 and 50 to 153 mg/L in the rainwater of building roofs.NH4＋-N concentrations of the three sampling sites are 1.7 to 5.2 3.7 to 18.2 and 5.2 to 25.6 mg/L.

分子电流的假说能够解释各种磁现象吗?

现行的高中物理课本,在磁现象的电本质一节课文中均有“安培的假说,能够解释各种磁现象。”这句活,笔者认为这一提法欠妥。本文就此问题略述浅见,与同行们进行讨论。 铁磁物质未被磁化前,内部各分子电流的取向是杂乱无章的,他们的磁场互相抵消,对外界不显磁性。铁磁物质受到外界磁场的诱导作用时,各分子电流的取向变得大致相同,铁磁物质被磁化,对外显出磁作用。但温度必须在居里点之下。

Design of Aided Decision-Making Program for Prioritizing Construction Projects in Urban Road Network Planning

The importance and complexity of prioritizing construction projects (PCP) in urban road network planning lead to the necessity to develop an aided decision making program (ADMP). Cost benefit ratio model and stage rolled method are chosen as the theoretical foundations of the program, and then benefit model is improved to accord with the actuality of urban traffic in China. Consequently, program flows, module functions and data structures are designed, and particularly an original data structure of road ...

Pollution control of outfall of rainwater-sewage confluence in old town

In order to improve water quality of middle ancient canal in Zhenjiang city a pollution control project was carried out.The research area is the middle catchment area of the ancient canal river system in the old town of Zhenjiang. The specific research object is the runoff of the outfall of rainwater-sewage confluence in the area. On the basis of detecting and analyzing the water yield and water quality of the runoff of rainwater-sewage confluence a combined technology which contains four independent continuous processes for lowering pollution load was developed and system equipment was established and put into operation. The processing effects of the project were monitored and analyzed.The results show that the pollution control project of outfall runoff is efficient which decreases the pollution load including chemical oxygen demand COD total phosphorus TP suspended solids SS and ammonia-nitrogen NH3-N .As a result the water environment of the ancient canal is protected.

Carbon Emission of Regional Land Use and Its Decomposition Analysis: Case Study of Nanjing City, China

Through the matching relationship between land use types and carbon emission items, this paper estimated carbon emissions of different land use types in Nanjing City, China and analyzed the influencing factors of carbon emissions by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index（LMDI） model. The main conclusions are as follows： 1） Total anthropogenic carbon emission of Nanjing increased from 1.22928 ×10^7 t in 2000 to 3.06939 × 10^7 t in 2009, in which the carbon emission of Inhabitation, mining ＆ manufacturing land accounted for 93% of the total. 2） The average land use carbon emission intensity of Nanjing in 2009 was 46.63 t/ha, in which carbon emission intensity of Inhabitation, mining ＆ manufacturing land was the highest（200.52 t/ha）, which was much higher than that of other land use types. 3） The average carbon source intensity in Nanjing was 16 times of the average carbon sink intensity（2.83 t/ha） in 2009, indicating that Nanjing was confronted with serious carbon deficit and huge carbon cycle pressure. 4） Land use area per unit GDP was an inhibitory factor for the increase of carbon emissions, while the other factors were all contributing factors. 5） Carbon emission effect evaluation should be introduced into land use activities to formulate low-carbon land use strategies in regional development.

Water Quality of Aroeira River for Use in Irrigation of Vegetable Crops in the Northern Region of the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of the water of the Aroeira River in the city of Silo Mateus, northern region of Espirito Santo State, Brazil, from April 2012 to March 2013, for use in irrigation of vegetable crops. Five points were selected along the river for analysis of pH, chloride （mg/L C1-）, total hardness （mg/L CaCO3）, dissolved oxygen （mg/L O2）, ammoniacal nitrogen （mg/L N-NH3）, total iron （mg/L Fe）, phosphate/orthophosphate （mg/L PO43-）, turbidity （NTU）, acidity （mg/L CO2）, temperature （℃）, electrical conductivity （dS/m）, as well as microbiological and parasitological analyses. Only point l, located upstream of the points of domestic sewage discharges, is the closest to be considered suitable for use in irrigation of vegetable crop, demonstrating the possible risks to the health of populations who use water with sewage discharges in urban communities for irrigation of vegetable crops.

Physical simulation of urban rainfall infiltration

To meet the demand of urban rainwater integrated management,we designed and complemented a physical simulation experimental system of urban rainfall infiltration regulation parameters.We discuss the feasibility of quantitative regulations of urban underlying surface rainfall infiltration conditions and a practical application of a simulated experimental system.In a com- prehensive analysis of the composition of an effective rainwater harvesting system and selection of water storage material,we simulated the major parameters of an experimental area rainfall,soil moisture and water storage capacity by providing an effective regulation of the experimental area runoff coefficient,obtained from basic data.

Revitalizing and Preparing Drainage Operation and Maintenance to Anticipate Climate Change in Semarang Heritage City

Semarang urban coastal areas are experiencing tidal flood. In addition, land subsidence of 5 to 10 centimetres per year is taking place. The climate change phenomenon provokes land areas that are lower than sea water level from time to time. This makes the situation with respect to flooding increasingly risky. Semarang Old City （heritage） as part of principal Semarang area is suffering also from regular flooding and pollution that hamper the revitalisation of the old city. These areas used to be productive lands, but flooding make the existing public infrastructure does no longer function, and residential areas have changed into unhealthy slams. To overcome these problems, the Government of Semarang chooses a polder drainage system to address the flooding in Semarang. In the framework of the cooperation between Indonesia and the Netherlands, these activities consist of research and workshops on Urban Heritage. The scope consists basically of five components： experiences with urban drainage and flood protection in Semarang with a focus on Semarang Old City, field visit to relevant places with respect to urban drainage and flood protection of Semarang Old City, lectures on the relevant aspects of urban drainage and flood protection, exercises to get an insight in the processes that can take place under normal and extreme conditions, formulation of a preliminary plan to improve the situation with respect to urban drainage and flood protection of Semarang Old City. In this paper, the various relevant points are described, such as scenarios analysis as well as the findings and recommendations for improvement of the urban drainage system and flood protection of Semarang Heritage City.

A New Carbon and Oxygen Balance Model Based on Ecological Service of Urban Vegetation

The application of human induced oxygen consumption and carbon emission theory in urban region was summed up and on this base a new model of urban carbon and oxygen balance (UCOB) was constructed by calculating the carbon and oxygen fluxes. The purpose was to highlight the role of vegetation in urban ecosystems and evaluate the effects of various human activities on urban annual oxygen consumption and carbon emission. Hopefully,the model would be helpful in theory to keep the regional balance of carbon and oxygen,and provide guidance and support for urban vegetation planning in the future. To test the UCOB model,the Jimei District of Xiamen City,Fujian Province,China,a very typical urban region,was selected as a case study. The results turn out that Jimei′s vegetation service in oxygen emission and carbon sequestration could not meet the demand of the urban population,and more than 31.49 times of vegetation area should be added to meet the whole oxygen consumption in Jimei while 9.60 times of vegetation area are needed to meet the carbon sequestration targets. The results show that the new UCOB model is of a great potential to be applied to quantitative planning of urban vegetation and regional eco-compensation mechanisms.

Policy Implications for Carbon Trading Market Establishment in China in the 12th Five-Year Period

Based on the survey of international emissions trading system （ETS） and quantitative analysis, policy suggestions on establishing a carbon ETS in China are presented in this study. Sectors sensitive to carbon prices, e.g., the power generation sector and the iron and steel industry, are given priority to be covered by the ETS. Interregional carbon trading should be carried out as early as possible. The cap of the ETS should be based on China＇s carbon intensity reduction target with the floor carbon price for the market being set in the beginning. Suggestions on the infrastructure of ETS are also proposed, including the national wide carbon measuring, reporting, verification system building. account registration system and the legislation to national

Method to determine parameters in the rainstorm intensity formula

This paper presents a new method to determine parameters in the nonlinear mathematical model of the urban rainfall intensity formula. The method transforms the nonlinear equation into a linear one, and incorperates a damping factor and a step factor to improve the precision of the calculated results. It works out the parameters based on given rainstorm intensity, period of the recurrence of rainstorm and lasting time of the rainfall. The results turns out to have the smallest residual error compared with those obtained by several other methods and satisfy the related standard. The method proves of fast convergence, desirable generality, stability and accuracy, which overcomes the defects of other existing numeral methods.

Incinerability Index of Municipal Solid Waste and Its Correlation with Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions

The main objective of this study was to establish optimal incineration conditions through the analysis of pollutant formation mechanisms involved in the combustion process of a retort incinerator. Calorific values of several types of municipal solid wastes were determined and related to specific incinerability indexes. The incinerability testing concerning this study was conducted on residues with an incinerability index （II） of 123. The samples were tested under different conditions： with and without chamber preheating, varying the percentage of inlet air （25, 50 and 75% of the system capacity）, measuring the temperatures of the primary and secondary chambers, and gauging the CO and NO stack emissions with an electrochemical cell. With comparative purposes in mind, samples with indexes ofI = 112, I = 123, I = 130 and I = 132 were also tested to assess the influence of the II on pollutant emissions.

A study of legal attributes of carbon emission rights in carbon trading

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has given birth to an international carbon trading market prosperity, which provides developing countries with valuable opportunity to address climate change issues right along with economic development and environmental improvement to achieve sustainable development. However, most studies of CDM focus on economics, and few on its legal problems. CDM involves too many aspects. And the clear legal attribute of trading object is the basis of progress of the transaction and also the start point of legal protection. Therefore, this paper in accordance with the inherent principle of property rights economics, and environmental economics in CDM, only discusses CDM carbon emission right legal interpretation and its attribution. The paper recommends that in order to ensure and promote the carbon emission right trading, carbon emission right should be attributed into the system of real rights to be regulated by Real Right Law. In this way, carbon emission right can gain exclusive power of possession and use, which can achieve a clear right def inition of environmental goods in line with Coase's theory to protect Chinese prof it in carbon trading market and promote the development of the carbon trading market further.

Low-carbon scenario and technologies in modern city——Case study of Shenyang

From a multi-dimensional perspective of economic development,carbon dioxide and industrial pollutant emission and resource consumption in the case study of Shenyang,this paper analyzes the resource consumption and environmental impact in the process of urban economic development and low-carbon transition and evaluates the emission reduction potential and scenario of various technologies. The results show that city plays a key role in global low-carbon economic construction,and it is pointed out that emission reduction technology in urban scale can reduce total amount of carbon emission to substantial extent. From the aspect of future development,the input of technology and economic growth pattern should be strengthened so as to realize economic development as well as the total amount reduction of pollutant emission.

Regional Allocation of CO_2 Intensity Reduction Targets Based on Cluster Analysis

To meet China＇s CO2 intensity target of 40%-45% reduction by 2020 based on the 2005 level, a regional allocation method based on cluster analysis is developed. Thirty Chinese provinces are classified into six groups based on economy, emissions, and reduction potential indicators. Under the equity principle, the two most developed groups axe assigned the highest reduction targets （55% and 65%, respectively）. However, their reduction potent!al is limited. Under the efficiency principle, the two groups with the highest reduction potential take the highest targets （48% and 61%, respectively）, but their economy is relatively backward. When equity and efficiency are equally weighted, the 5th group with a prominent reduction potential takes the highest target （54%）, and the 2nd and the 3rd groups with large industry scales take the second highest target （49%）. However, under all the three allocation schemes, the targets are not greater than 40% for the 4th and the 6th groups, which have a relatively low economic ability, emissions, and reduction potential. Due to inconsistency between economic and reduction potential, corresponding market mechanisms and policy instruments should be established to ensure equity and efficiency of regional target allocation.

Correlations between zooplankton assemblages and environmental factors in the downtown rivers of Shanghai,China

Most urban rivers play an important role in urban flood control and drainage in China, but pollution is fast becoming an issue of greater importance in water management. In this study, 63 zooplankton species were recorded in four downtown rivers in Shanghai between November 2007 and October 2008. Of these, 44 species belonged to the Rotifera, 13 to Cladocera, and six to Copepoda. The three most frequently occurring zooplankton （Brachionus calyciflorus, Microcyclops Ieuckarti, and Asplanchna priodonta） accounted for 80.00%, 76.84%, and 53.68%, respectively. Rotifera were found to be dominant, comprising 86.26% of total zooplankton, while cladoceran and copepod abundance amounted to 5.08% and 8.67%, respectively. Water temperature, salinity, electrical conductivity, and total nitrogen were of the greatest significance in the occurrence of zooplankton. Two species （Schmackeria forbesi and Lepadella ovalis） were notably more sensitive to environmental factors such as salinity and electrical conductivity than other species. The population size and community were inversely correlated with the increasing nutrient levels of the four rivers, suggesting that the water quality of the four rivers had been gradually recovering from a severe eutrophic state and that water conditions of the rivers had been gradually improved.

Measurement and Scenario Simulation of Effect of Urbanisation on Regional CO_2 Emissions Based on UEC-SD Model:A Case Study in Liaoning Province,China

Based on the logical causal relationship and taking Liaoning Province, China, which is the Chinese traditional industrial base and is in the stage of accelerated urbanisation, as a case study, this study builds the ＇Urbanisation-Energy Consumption-COn Emissions System Dynamics （UEC-SD）＇ model using a system dynamics method. The UEC-SD model is applied to analyse the effect of the ar- banisation process on the regional energy structure and CO2 emissions, followed by simulation of future production and living energy consumption structure as well as the evolutionary trend of CO2 emissions of three urbanisation scenarios （low speed, intermediate speed and high speed） under the assumed boundary conditions in urban and rural areas of Liaoning Province, China. The results show that the urbanisation process can alter production and the living energy consumption structure and thereby change regional CO2 emissions. An increase in the urbanisation rate in case area will lead to regional COz emissions rising in the short term, but when the urbanisation rate approaches 80%, CO2 emissions will reach a peak value and then decrease. Comparison of different urbanisation rates showed that pro- duction and living energy consumption exhibit different directions of change and rules in urban and rural areas. The effect of urbanisa- tion on CO2 emissions and energy structure is not direct, and urbanisation can increase the differences in energy and CO2 emissions between urban and rural areas caused by the industrial structure, technical level and other factors.

Study on carbon intensity trading market based on carbon finance mechanism

As the largest developing country in the world, China has not be involved in the obligation of emissions reduction in the （〈Kyoto Protocol）） . But it has become the largest CO2 emissions countries in the world. This makes China confronted with more pressure of carbon emissions reduction in the post-Kyoto era, and face great challenges in response to climate change issues. On one hand, China＇ s economic growth stage has decided that the situation of more energy consumption and increased carbon emissions is diffficult to reverse in the short term; On the other hand, the traditional policy under the control of total amount of carbon emission has largely restricted economic development. If a developing country in economic transition is carried out compulsory absolute amount of carbon reduction policies, its economic activity and social consumption will be imposed additional constraints inevitably, which will eventually lead to lower economic competitiveness and decline in social standards of living. Ultimately it will affect the good effects of carbon emissions reduction, so the policy can not achieve a satisfactory result. This paper introduces the financial mechanism into the carbon market model, extends the time of model from one phase to multi-phase. And this paper tries to establish a cross-time carbon credits trade system, and the current strength of the traditional carbon emission market trade model is extended. The paper designs two type of option mechanism model--call options trade carbon emissions model and put options carbon emissions model. Models＇ results show that choosing options tool to extend our traditional carbon market model can bring following impacts on carbon market development： trade costs have fallen, the carbon intensity also has descended, and has realized the flow of carbon intensity in diffident time; it enables manufacturers to effectively avoid the risk of carbon emissions trade; it increases the flexibility and maneuverability of the carbon trade market. Finally, the policy recommendations in the financial mechanisms carbon market trade are put forward.

Study on carbon emission in prefecture-level cities of china

The study on greenhouse gas inventory in urban China lags far behind the global level. The important factor that curbs the carbon inventory of cities of China is inventory methodology and scope. Given the insufficiency of Chinese cities carbon inventory, a system and accounting model （scopel＋ scope2） as well as principles and boundaries were proposed for China. The carbon emissions in scopel and scopel＋ scope2 were calculated in Chinese prefecture-level cities. The EDGAR dataset was used for the calculation of scopel carbon emissions in cities in China and the level of uncertainty was analyzed as well. The results showed that the direct carbon emission of cities in China was about 31.65% of China total emissions. The scopel＋ scope2 carbon emissions in cities of China were calculated based on the GIS and RS model. The results showed that the sum of direct （scopel） and indirect （scope2） carbon emissions of cities in China accounted for 38.80% of total China carbon emissions.

Analysis of interprovincial trade embodied carbon emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding provinces: based on constructed MRIO Model

The interprovincial trade embodied carbon emissions plays an important role in the national emission reduction target among China's provinces. Furthermore, it will affect the smooth start-up of the national carbon trade market as well as the implementation of targets in 2030 for dealing with the climate change. Based on constructed MRIO model, this paper analyzes the embodied carbon emission trade flows among Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and surrounding regions such as Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia. The results indicate that six provinces have formed different patterns of carbon trade balance, where Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces are in a deficit position, while the other three provinces are in a surplus position.Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei have transferred part of the carbon emissions to the other three provinces, which shows greater heterogeneity among various provinces and provincial different sectors. On basis of the conclusions, this paper puts forward some suggestions on provincial decomposition, responsibility distribution, and provincial collaborative reduction for national emission reduction targets.