To meet increasingly stringent emission standards and lower the brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)of marine engines,a collaborative optimization study of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)and a Miller cycle coupled tur...To meet increasingly stringent emission standards and lower the brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)of marine engines,a collaborative optimization study of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)and a Miller cycle coupled turbocharging system was carried out.In this study,a one-dimensional numerical model of the EGR,Miller cycle,and adjustable two-stage turbocharged engine based on WeiChai 6170 marine diesel engine was established.The particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to achieve multi-input and multi-objective comprehensive optimization,and the effects of EGR-coupled Miller regulation and high-pressure turbine bypass regulation on NO_(x)and BSFC were investigated.The results showed that a medium EGR rate-coupled medium Miller degree was better for the comprehensive optimization of NO_(x)and BSFC.At medium EGR rate and low turbine bypass rates,NO_(x)and BSFC were relatively balanced and acceptable.Finally,an optimal steady-state control strategy under full loads was proposed.With an increase in loads,the optimized turbine bypass rate and Miller degree gradually increased.Compared with the EGRonly system,the optimal system of EGR and Miller cycle coupled turbine bypass reduced NO_(x)by 0.87 g/(kW·h)and BSFC by 17.19 g/(kW·h)at 100%load.Therefore,the EGR and Miller cycle coupled adjustable two-stage turbocharging achieves NO_(x)and BSFC optimization under full loads.展开更多
Introduced the technology and application of treating the gasification effluent offertilizer with the physical-chemistry and biochemistry united technology.The technology issimple and viable, and occupies less land.Wh...Introduced the technology and application of treating the gasification effluent offertilizer with the physical-chemistry and biochemistry united technology.The technology issimple and viable, and occupies less land.When the main equipment runs normally, thegasification effluent of fertilizer treated with the united technology reached the requirementby second-degree discharge standard of the'Discharge standard of water pollutants forsynthesize ammonia industry'.展开更多
The study on greenhouse gas inventory in urban China lags far behind the global level. The important factor that curbs the carbon inventory of cities of China is inventory methodology and scope. Given the insufficienc...The study on greenhouse gas inventory in urban China lags far behind the global level. The important factor that curbs the carbon inventory of cities of China is inventory methodology and scope. Given the insufficiency of Chinese cities carbon inventory, a system and accounting model （scopel＋ scope2） as well as principles and boundaries were proposed for China. The carbon emissions in scopel and scopel＋ scope2 were calculated in Chinese prefecture-level cities. The EDGAR dataset was used for the calculation of scopel carbon emissions in cities in China and the level of uncertainty was analyzed as well. The results showed that the direct carbon emission of cities in China was about 31.65% of China total emissions. The scopel＋ scope2 carbon emissions in cities of China were calculated based on the GIS and RS model. The results showed that the sum of direct （scopel） and indirect （scope2） carbon emissions of cities in China accounted for 38.80% of total China carbon emissions.展开更多
In this paper, the single machine scheduling problem with release dates and two hierarchical criteria is discussed. The first criterion is to minimize makespan, and the second criterion is to minimize stocking cost. W...In this paper, the single machine scheduling problem with release dates and two hierarchical criteria is discussed. The first criterion is to minimize makespan, and the second criterion is to minimize stocking cost. We show that this problem is strongly NP-hard. We also give an O（n^2） time algorithm for the special case that all stocking costs of jobs in unit time are 1.展开更多
Y2O3-doped Mo secondary emitters were prepared by liquid-liquid doping and solid-solid doping,respectively.The back-scattered scanning observation result indicates that the emitter prepared by liquid-liquid doping has...Y2O3-doped Mo secondary emitters were prepared by liquid-liquid doping and solid-solid doping,respectively.The back-scattered scanning observation result indicates that the emitter prepared by liquid-liquid doping has fine microstructure whereas that prepared by solid-solid doping has large grain size.Y2O3-doped Mo emitter with small grain size prepared by liquid-liquid doping exhibits high emission property,i.e.,the secondary electron yield can get to 5.24,about 1.7 times that prepared by solid-solid doping.Moreover,Y2O3-doped Mo emitter exhibits the best emission performance among La2O3-doped Mo,Y2O3-doped Mo, Gd2O3-doped Mo and Ce2O3-doped Mo emitters due to the largest penetration depth of primary electrons and escape depth of secondary electrons in this emitter.The secondary emission of the emitter with small grain size can be explained by reflection emission model and transmission emission model,whereas only transmission emission exists in the emitter with large grain size.展开更多
Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of star-rated hotels in China, especially high- end star-rated hotels. Consequently, there are now approximately12 000 hotels in China. One bottleneck within the industr...Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of star-rated hotels in China, especially high- end star-rated hotels. Consequently, there are now approximately12 000 hotels in China. One bottleneck within the industry is its huge energy consumption and carbon emissions, but the development of a comprehensive energy consumption assessment has lagged. Here, a comprehensive energy consumption and carbon emission model suitable for hospitality is established, using comprehensive data collected for hotels over six years and with reference to general international methods, decomposition analysis methods as recommended by the IPCC, and related standards in China. Our study shows that the maximum comparable unit energy consumption per building area among four- and five-star hotels is 73.26 kg ce m-2 y-l. Through energy-saving reconstruction, the comprehensive energy consumption of five-star hotels has declined by 4.1% in six years and is smaller than the advanced comparable value of 55 kg ce m2 y4. The comparable unit energy consumption per area building of most two- and three-star hotels （53 kg ce m2 y-l） is higher than the reasonable value. There are large numbers of hotels of this type in China and the potential energy savings are huge. Analyzing factors of energy consumption, we found that indirect carbon emissions from electricity usage are the most significant. From an energy consumption structural perspective, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning （HVAC） System accounts for most energy consumption. This research provides a foundation for further examination of energy-savings, emission reduction plans and Monitoring Reporting Verification （MRV） in the hospitality sector.展开更多
With the implementation of the ＂Development of Western China＂ strategy, this region has become the fastest growing economic area in China. However, rapid economic growth has resulted in a substantial increase in car...With the implementation of the ＂Development of Western China＂ strategy, this region has become the fastest growing economic area in China. However, rapid economic growth has resulted in a substantial increase in carbon emissions and affected energy reduction goals. In order to effectively control the rapid increase in carbon emissions across western China, we need a comprehensively analyze the main factors causing these increases. Here, we analyze the relationship between economic development patterns and carbon emissions. The findings suggest that consumption upgrades and industrial transformation have a positive correlation with carbon emissions in this region. We then conducted an econometric FGLS analysis on the relationship and its transmission mechanism between economic growth and CO2 emissions with cross-province panel data from 1991 to 2009. A positive correlation was found, and the relationship is more significant after the implementation of the western development strategy. The influence coefficient of change in primary, secondary and tertiary industries is 16.4. The influence coefficient of increased share of heavy industry and extractive industry in the secondary industry is 14.3, and the influence coefficients of per-capita living expenditure and per capita traffic expenditure are 5.6 and 6.5. Traditional population size and income scale have a weak impact on carbon emissions, and the influence coefficients of population size and income scale are only 0.73 and 0.86. GDP increases have a second major impact on the carbon emissions. Energy intensity has a negative relationship with carbon emissions and urbanization level has a positive relationship （coefficients are -8.2 and 4.65）.展开更多
On the basis of prioritized aggregated operator and prioritized ordered weighted average(POWA)operator,in this paper,the authors further present interval neutrosophic prioritized ordered weighted aggregation(INPOWA)op...On the basis of prioritized aggregated operator and prioritized ordered weighted average(POWA)operator,in this paper,the authors further present interval neutrosophic prioritized ordered weighted aggregation(INPOWA)operator with respect to interval neutrosophic numbers(INNs).Firstly,the definition,operational laws,characteristics,expectation and comparative method of INNs are introduced.Then,the INPOWA operator is developed,and some properties of the operator are analyzed.Furthermore,based on the INPOWA operator and the comparative formula of the INNs,an approach to decision making with INNs is established.Finally,an illustrative example is given to verify the developed approach and to demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness.展开更多
基金Project(K16011)supported by the Marine Low-speed Engine Project-Phase I,China。
文摘To meet increasingly stringent emission standards and lower the brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)of marine engines,a collaborative optimization study of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)and a Miller cycle coupled turbocharging system was carried out.In this study,a one-dimensional numerical model of the EGR,Miller cycle,and adjustable two-stage turbocharged engine based on WeiChai 6170 marine diesel engine was established.The particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to achieve multi-input and multi-objective comprehensive optimization,and the effects of EGR-coupled Miller regulation and high-pressure turbine bypass regulation on NO_(x)and BSFC were investigated.The results showed that a medium EGR rate-coupled medium Miller degree was better for the comprehensive optimization of NO_(x)and BSFC.At medium EGR rate and low turbine bypass rates,NO_(x)and BSFC were relatively balanced and acceptable.Finally,an optimal steady-state control strategy under full loads was proposed.With an increase in loads,the optimized turbine bypass rate and Miller degree gradually increased.Compared with the EGRonly system,the optimal system of EGR and Miller cycle coupled turbine bypass reduced NO_(x)by 0.87 g/(kW·h)and BSFC by 17.19 g/(kW·h)at 100%load.Therefore,the EGR and Miller cycle coupled adjustable two-stage turbocharging achieves NO_(x)and BSFC optimization under full loads.
文摘Introduced the technology and application of treating the gasification effluent offertilizer with the physical-chemistry and biochemistry united technology.The technology issimple and viable, and occupies less land.When the main equipment runs normally, thegasification effluent of fertilizer treated with the united technology reached the requirementby second-degree discharge standard of the'Discharge standard of water pollutants forsynthesize ammonia industry'.
文摘The study on greenhouse gas inventory in urban China lags far behind the global level. The important factor that curbs the carbon inventory of cities of China is inventory methodology and scope. Given the insufficiency of Chinese cities carbon inventory, a system and accounting model （scopel＋ scope2） as well as principles and boundaries were proposed for China. The carbon emissions in scopel and scopel＋ scope2 were calculated in Chinese prefecture-level cities. The EDGAR dataset was used for the calculation of scopel carbon emissions in cities in China and the level of uncertainty was analyzed as well. The results showed that the direct carbon emission of cities in China was about 31.65% of China total emissions. The scopel＋ scope2 carbon emissions in cities of China were calculated based on the GIS and RS model. The results showed that the sum of direct （scopel） and indirect （scope2） carbon emissions of cities in China accounted for 38.80% of total China carbon emissions.
文摘In this paper, the single machine scheduling problem with release dates and two hierarchical criteria is discussed. The first criterion is to minimize makespan, and the second criterion is to minimize stocking cost. We show that this problem is strongly NP-hard. We also give an O（n^2） time algorithm for the special case that all stocking costs of jobs in unit time are 1.
基金Projects(2006AA03Z524,2008AA031001)supported by the National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(50801001)supported by the National Natural Foundation of China
文摘Y2O3-doped Mo secondary emitters were prepared by liquid-liquid doping and solid-solid doping,respectively.The back-scattered scanning observation result indicates that the emitter prepared by liquid-liquid doping has fine microstructure whereas that prepared by solid-solid doping has large grain size.Y2O3-doped Mo emitter with small grain size prepared by liquid-liquid doping exhibits high emission property,i.e.,the secondary electron yield can get to 5.24,about 1.7 times that prepared by solid-solid doping.Moreover,Y2O3-doped Mo emitter exhibits the best emission performance among La2O3-doped Mo,Y2O3-doped Mo, Gd2O3-doped Mo and Ce2O3-doped Mo emitters due to the largest penetration depth of primary electrons and escape depth of secondary electrons in this emitter.The secondary emission of the emitter with small grain size can be explained by reflection emission model and transmission emission model,whereas only transmission emission exists in the emitter with large grain size.
基金Key Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.J50402)Key Research of Shanghai Institute of Tourism(No.RS2015-B3)
文摘Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of star-rated hotels in China, especially high- end star-rated hotels. Consequently, there are now approximately12 000 hotels in China. One bottleneck within the industry is its huge energy consumption and carbon emissions, but the development of a comprehensive energy consumption assessment has lagged. Here, a comprehensive energy consumption and carbon emission model suitable for hospitality is established, using comprehensive data collected for hotels over six years and with reference to general international methods, decomposition analysis methods as recommended by the IPCC, and related standards in China. Our study shows that the maximum comparable unit energy consumption per building area among four- and five-star hotels is 73.26 kg ce m-2 y-l. Through energy-saving reconstruction, the comprehensive energy consumption of five-star hotels has declined by 4.1% in six years and is smaller than the advanced comparable value of 55 kg ce m2 y4. The comparable unit energy consumption per area building of most two- and three-star hotels （53 kg ce m2 y-l） is higher than the reasonable value. There are large numbers of hotels of this type in China and the potential energy savings are huge. Analyzing factors of energy consumption, we found that indirect carbon emissions from electricity usage are the most significant. From an energy consumption structural perspective, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning （HVAC） System accounts for most energy consumption. This research provides a foundation for further examination of energy-savings, emission reduction plans and Monitoring Reporting Verification （MRV） in the hospitality sector.
基金Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China (12YJC790082)National Social Science Fund Key Project (11AJL007)
文摘With the implementation of the ＂Development of Western China＂ strategy, this region has become the fastest growing economic area in China. However, rapid economic growth has resulted in a substantial increase in carbon emissions and affected energy reduction goals. In order to effectively control the rapid increase in carbon emissions across western China, we need a comprehensively analyze the main factors causing these increases. Here, we analyze the relationship between economic development patterns and carbon emissions. The findings suggest that consumption upgrades and industrial transformation have a positive correlation with carbon emissions in this region. We then conducted an econometric FGLS analysis on the relationship and its transmission mechanism between economic growth and CO2 emissions with cross-province panel data from 1991 to 2009. A positive correlation was found, and the relationship is more significant after the implementation of the western development strategy. The influence coefficient of change in primary, secondary and tertiary industries is 16.4. The influence coefficient of increased share of heavy industry and extractive industry in the secondary industry is 14.3, and the influence coefficients of per-capita living expenditure and per capita traffic expenditure are 5.6 and 6.5. Traditional population size and income scale have a weak impact on carbon emissions, and the influence coefficients of population size and income scale are only 0.73 and 0.86. GDP increases have a second major impact on the carbon emissions. Energy intensity has a negative relationship with carbon emissions and urbanization level has a positive relationship （coefficients are -8.2 and 4.65）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.71471172and 71271124the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of Ministry of Education of China under Grant No.13YJC630104+2 种基金Shandong Provincial Social Science Planning Project under Grant No.13BGLJ10the National Soft Science Research Project under Grant No.2014GXQ4D192the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No.ZR2014JL046
文摘On the basis of prioritized aggregated operator and prioritized ordered weighted average(POWA)operator,in this paper,the authors further present interval neutrosophic prioritized ordered weighted aggregation(INPOWA)operator with respect to interval neutrosophic numbers(INNs).Firstly,the definition,operational laws,characteristics,expectation and comparative method of INNs are introduced.Then,the INPOWA operator is developed,and some properties of the operator are analyzed.Furthermore,based on the INPOWA operator and the comparative formula of the INNs,an approach to decision making with INNs is established.Finally,an illustrative example is given to verify the developed approach and to demonstrate its practicality and effectiveness.
