大兴矿煤层气井排采水化学特征分析

以大兴矿煤层气井排采水为研究对象,在常规化学离子测试结果的基础上,分析了排采水的化学成分特征及时空演化特征,探讨了煤层气井产能与水中各化学成分的关系。研究表明:大兴矿煤层气井排采水为弱碱性或碱性咸水,HCO3-与Na+是水中质量浓度最大的离子;采样时间内,排采水已经进入稳定阶段,主要为原始地层水;各构造部位煤层气井排采水的化学特征存在差异,反映了不同构造部位地下水径流强度与交替程度强弱不同;不同构造部位煤层气井产能随TDS,HCO3-质量浓度增大而呈现出增大、减小两种相反的变化趋势,表明水文地质和构造地质作用对产能有很大影响;各井产能随CO32-质量浓度增大而减小,说明排采水的化学特征受碳酸平衡作用的调节。

大兴矿煤层气井排采水化学成分形成机理分析

基于大兴矿煤层气井排采水的化学离子测试数据,应用数理统计方法和Aquachem、PHREEQC、SPSS等软件,总结了排采水化学成分化特征,分析了其形成机理,结果表明:排采水中阴、阳离子浓度表现为HCO_3^->CO_3^(2-)>Cl^->SO_4^(2-)、Na^+>K^+>Ca^(2+)>Mg^(2+),为弱碱性、碱性咸水; SO_4^(2-)、K^+、Na^+、pH、Cl^-、HCO_3^-、Mg^(2+)、TDS主要为弱变异,Ca^(2+)为弱至中度变异,CO32-主要为中度变异;排采水主要为HCO3-Na型,苏打化严重,碱化特征显著;水中离子浓度主要受溶滤、阳离子交替吸附、脱硫酸、溶解/沉淀、煤层气生产等作用影响;水中各种离子最初来源于溶滤作用,后来受脱硫酸作用与阳离子交替吸附作用影响,SO42-、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)减少,HCO3-、Na^+、K^+增多,煤层气生产过程中Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)浓度进一步降低,溶解/沉淀作用也在一定程度上影响水中CO32-、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)的浓度。

硫氰酸盐分光光度法测定煤层气排采水中铁含量的不确定度评定

分析了硫氰酸盐分光光度法测量煤层气排采水中铁含量过程中引起不确定度的各分量来源,对其不确定度进行了合理的评定。结果表明,在特定情况下,当煤层气排采水中铁离子含量为0.144g/L时,其相对合成不确定度为3.03%,扩展不确定度为0.009g/L(k=2)。其不确定度主要来源于标准溶液配置和标准曲线拟合。

煤层气低成本开发途径研究——以优化集气场站和排采水处理站安全环保投入为例

集气场站是煤层气地面抽采的主要系统之一,具有高温、高压、易燃、易爆、有毒的特点,易发生各类事故,文章分析了煤层气集气场站安全风险控制和排采水处理站现状,提出了安全环保风险控制优化措施,在有效控制集气场站和排采水处理站安全环保风险的同时降低安全环保投入,为今后煤层气勘探开发提供低成本开发模式。

保德地区煤层气排采水深化处理工艺

保德地区煤层气排采水中主要的污染物如COD、氨氮、Fe2+较突出,需要经过深化处理。依托该地区排采水深化处理过程,分析了排采水中污染因子含量在空间和时间上产生差异性的原因。结合现行工业污水或其他水处理的工艺技术,对有效地去除排采水中的主要污染因子(COD、氨氮等)的工艺进行优选,得出了适合该地区排采水深化处理的化学工艺方法,工艺优选充分考虑了保德地区自然气候条件、地形地貌及生产条件的限制,提出了煤层气排采水处理的撬装模块工艺流程。

沁水盆地煤层气井排采水地球化学特征及来源示踪

次生生物气与地下水之间存在一定的关系,特别是在煤层气等天然气储层中,了解地下水与次生生物成因甲烷之间的关系对于天然气勘探和开发具有重要意义。基于中国沁水盆地6个区块的57个煤层气井排采水和3个河水样品的化学组成、氢氧同位素组成(δ18O_(H_(2)O))和δD_(H_(2)O)以及溶解无机碳(DIC)碳同位素组成(δ13C_(DIC)和Δ14C_(DIC)),深入剖析地下水与次生生物成因甲烷之间的复杂关系。结果表明:氢氧同位素分布在大气降水线附近,煤层气井排采水主要来源于大气降雨,硫酸盐微生物还原作用是郑庄和阳泉区块氘同位素富集的主要原因。研究区煤层气井排采水化学组成以Na⁃HCO_(3)型为主,其变化受到水—岩相互作用、阳离子交换等过程的控制。沁水盆地6个研究区块煤层气井排采水的稳定碳同位素呈现高δ13C_(DIC)值(-4.19‰~34.80‰,平均为16.51‰)且与溶解无机碳含量呈明显正相关关系可能是微生物产甲烷作用的结果。煤层气井排采水中δ13C_(DIC)与SO_(4)^(2-)的负相关性以及δ正漂移等指标也指向沁水盆地不同成熟度煤岩中次生生物成因甲烷的广泛存在。δ13C_(DIC)与镜质体反射率(R_(Omax))的负相关性进一步表明沁水盆地不同成熟度煤层中广泛存在次生生物成因甲烷,且在浅埋藏和成熟度较低的煤层中最为显著。地球化学与微生物学的结合将会进一步阐明次生生物甲烷的形成途径和机制。

沁水盆地柿庄南区块排采水特征及其对煤层气富集的控制作用

基于沁水盆地柿庄南区块23口排采1年以上的煤层气井排采水水质分析数据及实测储层压力,采用Schoeller图、Piper图等分析了柿庄南煤层气井排采水地球化学特征及水动力分区特征,探讨了水文地质条件对煤层气富集的影响。研究表明柿庄南区块煤层气井排采水主要为Na—HCO_3水型,反映研究区处于开启—半封闭的水文地质环境;排采水氢氧同位素值均位于全国大气降水线附近,排采水初始来源主要为大气降水;利用折算水位将研究区大致划分为西北部径流区、南部弱径流区及中部过渡带滞流区,水流从西北部和南部向中部滞流区汇聚,水化学参数反映出滞流区煤层气保存条件好于两侧径流区和弱径流区。基于水化学场和水动力场参数建立了煤层气富集区优选指标体系,优选出煤层气富集有利区和较有利区,对下一步煤层气井布置具有指导作用。

和顺地区煤层气井污水处理设计与运行

煤层气开采中产生的大量废水,如果直接排放会污染周围的环境,因此有必要对其进行处理,使其达到国家污水排放标准。通过对山西和顺地区煤层气井采排污水检测,找出重点污染因素,进行有针对性的处理工艺及技术的研究,确保煤层气排采水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)中一级A的指标要求后,达标排放。

Influence of mining thickness to the mechanical characteristics of gateways at FMTC faces

To make a better understanding of the mechanical characteristics of the surrounding rocks in the tailentry and headentry with different coal seam thickness at fully mechanized top-coal caving face （FMTC face）, the stress transition and displacement around the periphery of the gateways with different coal thicknesses were investigated in details by means of in situ measurement and 3-D numerical simulation. The research shows that the stresses decrease in the two spallings of the headentry and floor at goal with the increase in mining thickness. The roof pressure in the gates does not change obviously with the coal thickness, but the thicker the coal seam is, the farther the maximum stress will apply to the coal rib at the working face. The vertical stress is higher than the horizontal stress at two spallings of the gate, while its horizontal stress is higher than the vertical stress at the roof. The relative displacement between the roof and floor and the two spallings in the gateways increases gradually with the increase in coal seam thickness in a definite range in front of the face. Near the mining face, the stress decreases in the surrounding rock of the gates, while the deformation appears the most intensive. It is proposed that the support concept to the tailentry and headentry should be changed from loading control to deformation control.

Numerical comparison of coal spontaneous combustion danger influenced by different methane drainage patterns in gob area

The influence of gas drainage on float coal spontaneous combustion in the work face with ＂U＂ style ventilation was studied. Numerical simulation was used to compare the mutative law of steady flow and density field in the gob area under different drainage conditions by solving the equation set, including mass, momentum, and component transition. Consequently, the sequence of drainage effect and safety was obtained. The result manifests that the more effective the drainage pattern is, the easier float coal spontaneous combustion is caused due to air being guided into the depth of the gob area when the drainage position is arranged in the gas accumulation area. If the widened scope of oxidation zone exceeds the upper limit of the work face advancing speed, nitrogen injection should be applied to decrease the probability of spontaneous combustion. Then, the pipe laying drainage in the upper angle is most economical and safe compared with other drainage patterns when only the situation of gas accumulation is controlled in the upper angle. Finally, drainage pressure must not be too great. Otherwise the drainage density will decrease even if hazard is caused by back flow possibly happening in the return outlet when the drainage position is arranged near the work face.

The flocculation research on treating suspended solids contained mine drainage through goaf

Mine drainage could be filtered and purified through goaf. This innovative technique shows merits, such as high treatment efficiency, remarkable economic benefit and extensive wastewater recycle use. However, it was detected that capacities of purifying mine drainage for goaf were decreased after a period of application. As a result, the effluent could not meet the standard of recycle water. To solve the problem, coagulant was considered to add into mine drainage reducing its high turbid degrees to certain level. After the preliminary flocculation treatment, mine drainage was piped into goaf to purify. In this way, the load of goaf was eased up. Its usage time was also prolonged. Therefore, this paper carried out the coagulation-flocculation jar test for mine drainage to discuss the flocculation parameters. By the experiment, 10 % iron trichloride is selected from four inorganic coagulants as the optimum coagulant. The optimum dose, PH value and sedirs6-7 and 25 min. Velocity mentation time are respectively 2 mL per 800 mL Wastewater gradient G during the process of mixing and reaction is 696 .And the value of GT is 6.264 × 10^5. The values of G and GT will supply the basis for the design of flocculation pool in the project. The flocculation parameters will be significant for the reference of practice.

Influence of drainage of aquifer on settling of ground surface in mining area with high ground water level

Based on the basic principles of hydrogeology and soil mechanics, studied thegenesis mechanism and control factors of settling of ground surface caused by the drainageof the aquifer in the construction of coal mines, and put forward a corresponding calculatingmodel demonstrated by practical example.The study provides mining areas,which are covered with a very thick Quaternary soil layer and abundant ground water, witha theoretical basis aimed at forecasting the settling of ground surface.

Applicability of surface directional wells for upper Silesia Basin coal seams' drainage ahead of mining

Methods of exploitation drainage, which is presently applied in polish hard coal mines in Upper Silesian Coal Basin(Poland), are not effective enough, high risk of methane hazard can be observed, and production capacity of the mining plant is not fully used. Methane hazard, which may occur during planned coal exploitation, is presented in this paper. Following parameters are taken into consideration in the forecasts: coal extraction parameters, geological and mining conditions, deposit's methane saturation degree and impact of coal exploitation on the degasification coefficient of the seams, which are under the influence of relaxation zone. This paper presents the results of the analysis aiming to verify applicability of drainage ahead of mining of the coal seams by using surface directional wells. Based on the collected data(coal seams' structural maps, profiles of the exploratory wells, geological cross-sections), the lab tests of drilling cores and direct wells' tests, static model of the deposit was constructed and suitable grid of directional wells from the surface was designed. Comparison of forecasted methane emission volume between the two methods is investigated. The results indicated the necessity of performing appropriate deposit's stimulations in order to increase effectiveness of drainage ahead of mining.

Thermo-hydro-mechanical coupled mathematical model for controlling the pre-mining coal seam gas extraction with slotted boreholes

Drainage influence radius is the basic parameter for borehole arrangement, while the effect of high pressure water jet slotting technology on borehole drainage influence radius has not been studied systematically. In this paper, a fully thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) coupled model which represents the non-linear responses of gas extraction was implemented to demonstrate the reliability of this model through history data matching. Based on this model, the susceptibilities of gas extraction with single slotted borehole, including the permeability, the gas pressure, the temperature, the coal adsorption characteristics and the radius of slot, were quantified through a series of simulations. The simulation results revealed that increasing the permeability, initial gas pressure and temperature could develop the influence radius of single slotted borehole. This finite element model and its simulation results can improve the understanding of the coal-gas interactions of underground gas drainage and provide a scientific basis for the optimization of drainage systems.

Patterns and security technologies for co-extraction of coal and gas in deep mines without entry pillars

Retaining gob-side entryways and the stability of gas drainage boreholes are two essential techniques in the co-extraction of coal and gas without entry pillars （CECGWEP）. However, retained entryways located in deep coal mines are hard to maintain, especially for constructing boreholes in confined spaces, owing to major deformations. Consequently, it is difficult to drill boreholes and maintain their stability, which therefore cannot guarantee the effectiveness of gas drainage. This paper presents three measures for conducting CECGWEP in deep mines on the basis of effective space in retained entryways for gas drainage, They are combinations of retaining roadways and face-lagging inclined boreholes, retaining roadways and face-advancing inclined boreholes, and retaining roadways and high return airway inclined boreholes. Several essential techniques are suggested to improve the maintenance of retained entryways and the stabilization of boreholes. For the particular cases considered in this study, two field trials have verified the latter two measures from the results obtained from the faces 1111（1） and 11112（1） in the Zhuji Mine. The results indicate that these models can effectively solve the problems in deep mines. The maximum gas drainage flow for a single hole can reach 8.1 m^3/min and the effective drainage distance can be extended up to 150 m or more.

Research and development on cutting scale machine in the coal mine shaft

The deposit scale in the coal mine shaft usually causes serious accidents, such as making rope broken, cage seized or dropped. To solve this kind of problems, the re-search of the cutting scale mechanism was made, and a new type of removal scale equipment was made with using imported hard alloy material. The cutting experiment and actual cutting show that it can adapt to abominable condition in the shaft, such as narrow space, wet and excessive shaft crevice water and so on, and can work safely and reliably, and has high cutting scale efficiency. It can also cut out the deposit scale in the circular section of shaft.

CO_2 permeability of fractured coal subject to confining pressures and elevated temperature: Experiments and modeling

The CO_2 permeability of fractured coal is of great significance to both coalbed gas extraction and CO_2 storage in coal seams, but the effects of high confining pressure, high injection pressure and elevated temperature on the CO_2 permeability of fractured coal with different fracture extents have not been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, the CO_2 permeability of fractured coals sampled from a Pingdingshan coal mine in China and artificially fractured to a certain extent is investigated through undrained triaxial tests. The CO_2 permeability is measured under the confining pressure with a range of 10–25 MPa, injection pressure with a range of 6–12 MPa and elevated temperature with a range of 25–70°C. A mechanistic model is then proposed to characterize the CO_2 permeability of the fractured coals. The effects of thermal expansion, temperature-induced reduction of adsorption capacity, and thermal micro-cracking on the CO_2 permeability are explored. The test results show that the CO_2 permeability of naturally fractured coal saliently increases with increasing injection pressure. The increase of confining pressure reduces the permeability of both naturally fractured coal and secondarily fractured coal. It is also observed that initial fracturing by external loads can enhance the permeability, but further fracturing reduces the permeability. The CO_2 permeability decreases with the elevation of temperature if the temperature is lower than 44°C, but the permeability increases with temperature once the temperature is beyond 44°C. The mechanistic model well describes these compaction mechanisms induced by confining pressure, injection pressure and the complex effects induced by elevated temperature.