Advanced intelligent or ＂smart＂ meters are being deployed in Asia. A result of deployment of smart meters, with associated equipment, is the electric power industry faced with new and changing threats, vulnerabiliti...Advanced intelligent or ＂smart＂ meters are being deployed in Asia. A result of deployment of smart meters, with associated equipment, is the electric power industry faced with new and changing threats, vulnerabilities and re-evaluate traditional approaches to cyber security. Protection against emerging cyber-security threats targeting smart meter infrastructures will increase risk to both the utility and customer if not addressed within initial rollouts. This paper will discuss the issues in SMI （smart meter infrastructures） deployments that pertain to cyber security. It will cover topics such as the threats to operations, infrastructure, network and people and organization and their associated risks. SMI deployments include not only the smart meter, but also the interfaces for home energy management systems as well as communication interfaces back to the utility. Utilities must recognize and anticipate the new threat landscape that can attack and compromise the meter and the associated field network collectors. They must also include threats to the WAN （wide-area-network） backhaul networks, smart meter headends, MDMS （meter data management systems） and their interfaces to CIS （customer information systems） and billing and OMS （outage management systems）. Lessons learned from SMI implementations from North America, Europe and recently, Japan, will be discussed. How white-box and black-box testing techniques are applied to determine the threat impact to the SMI. Finally, organizational change risk will be discussed and how utilities have responded to re-organizing and developing a security governance structure for the SMI and other smart grid applications.展开更多
The surface and interface electronic states of tris (8 hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3)/indium tin oxide (ITO) were measured and analyzed by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that, in Alq...The surface and interface electronic states of tris (8 hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3)/indium tin oxide (ITO) were measured and analyzed by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that, in Alq 3 molecule, the binding energy ( E b) of Al atoms is 70.7 eV and 75.1 eV, corresponding to Al(O) and Al(Ⅲ), respectively; The binding energy of C is 285.8 eV, 286.3 eV, and 286.8 eV, corresponding to C of C-C group, C-O, and C-N bond, respectively. N is the main peak locating at 401.0 eV, corresponding to N atom of C-N=C. O atoms mainly bond to H atom, with the binding energy of 533.2 eV. As the sputtering time of Ar + ion beam increases, Al 2p , C 1s , N 1s , O 1s , In 3d 5/2 and Sn 3d 5/2 peaks slightly shift towards lower binding energy, and Al 2p , C 1s and N 1s peaks get weaker, which contributes to diffusing the oxygen, indium and tin in ITO into Alq 3 layer.展开更多
The optical effect of a nanometer or sub-nanometer interfacial layer of condensed molecules surrounding individual nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWCNTs） has been studied theoretically and exp...The optical effect of a nanometer or sub-nanometer interfacial layer of condensed molecules surrounding individual nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWCNTs） has been studied theoretically and experimentally. This interfacial layer, when illuminated by light, behaves as an optical dipole lattice and contributes an instantaneous near field which enhances the local field on neighboring atoms, molecules, or nanomaterials, which in turn may lead to enhanced Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering, and fluorescence. The theory of this interface dipole enhanced effect （IDEE） predicts that a smaller distance between the nanomaterials and the plane of the interracial layer, or a larger ratio of the dielectric constants of the interfacial layer to the surrounding medium, will result in a larger field enhancement factor. This prediction is further experimentally verified by several implementations of enhanced Rayleigh scattering of SWCNTs as well as in situ Rayleigh scattering of gradually charged SWCNTs. The interface dipole enhanced Rayleigh scattering not only enables true-color real-time imaging of nanomaterials, but also provides an effective means to peer into the subtle interfacial phenomena.展开更多
文摘Advanced intelligent or ＂smart＂ meters are being deployed in Asia. A result of deployment of smart meters, with associated equipment, is the electric power industry faced with new and changing threats, vulnerabilities and re-evaluate traditional approaches to cyber security. Protection against emerging cyber-security threats targeting smart meter infrastructures will increase risk to both the utility and customer if not addressed within initial rollouts. This paper will discuss the issues in SMI （smart meter infrastructures） deployments that pertain to cyber security. It will cover topics such as the threats to operations, infrastructure, network and people and organization and their associated risks. SMI deployments include not only the smart meter, but also the interfaces for home energy management systems as well as communication interfaces back to the utility. Utilities must recognize and anticipate the new threat landscape that can attack and compromise the meter and the associated field network collectors. They must also include threats to the WAN （wide-area-network） backhaul networks, smart meter headends, MDMS （meter data management systems） and their interfaces to CIS （customer information systems） and billing and OMS （outage management systems）. Lessons learned from SMI implementations from North America, Europe and recently, Japan, will be discussed. How white-box and black-box testing techniques are applied to determine the threat impact to the SMI. Finally, organizational change risk will be discussed and how utilities have responded to re-organizing and developing a security governance structure for the SMI and other smart grid applications.
文摘The surface and interface electronic states of tris (8 hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3)/indium tin oxide (ITO) were measured and analyzed by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that, in Alq 3 molecule, the binding energy ( E b) of Al atoms is 70.7 eV and 75.1 eV, corresponding to Al(O) and Al(Ⅲ), respectively; The binding energy of C is 285.8 eV, 286.3 eV, and 286.8 eV, corresponding to C of C-C group, C-O, and C-N bond, respectively. N is the main peak locating at 401.0 eV, corresponding to N atom of C-N=C. O atoms mainly bond to H atom, with the binding energy of 533.2 eV. As the sputtering time of Ar + ion beam increases, Al 2p , C 1s , N 1s , O 1s , In 3d 5/2 and Sn 3d 5/2 peaks slightly shift towards lower binding energy, and Al 2p , C 1s and N 1s peaks get weaker, which contributes to diffusing the oxygen, indium and tin in ITO into Alq 3 layer.
文摘The optical effect of a nanometer or sub-nanometer interfacial layer of condensed molecules surrounding individual nanomaterials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWCNTs） has been studied theoretically and experimentally. This interfacial layer, when illuminated by light, behaves as an optical dipole lattice and contributes an instantaneous near field which enhances the local field on neighboring atoms, molecules, or nanomaterials, which in turn may lead to enhanced Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering, and fluorescence. The theory of this interface dipole enhanced effect （IDEE） predicts that a smaller distance between the nanomaterials and the plane of the interracial layer, or a larger ratio of the dielectric constants of the interfacial layer to the surrounding medium, will result in a larger field enhancement factor. This prediction is further experimentally verified by several implementations of enhanced Rayleigh scattering of SWCNTs as well as in situ Rayleigh scattering of gradually charged SWCNTs. The interface dipole enhanced Rayleigh scattering not only enables true-color real-time imaging of nanomaterials, but also provides an effective means to peer into the subtle interfacial phenomena.
