伴随经济的快速发展和人类生活水平的提高,肥胖、2型糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝等各种代谢功能紊乱疾病已成为我国重要的公共卫生问题。产热脂肪细胞含有丰富的线粒体以及解偶联蛋白1(uncoupling protein 1,UCP1),可通过消耗甘油三酯和葡...伴随经济的快速发展和人类生活水平的提高,肥胖、2型糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝等各种代谢功能紊乱疾病已成为我国重要的公共卫生问题。产热脂肪细胞含有丰富的线粒体以及解偶联蛋白1(uncoupling protein 1,UCP1),可通过消耗甘油三酯和葡萄糖并以非颤抖性产热的方式来维持哺乳动物核心体温,鉴于产热过程增加体内能量消耗,因此,激活产热脂肪成为防治糖脂代谢紊乱性疾病的重要研究方向。线粒体作为产热脂肪细胞中功能高度保守的细胞器,在产热激活和失活过程中出现代谢适应性的改变以响应产热能力的变化,而产热脂肪细胞中线粒体代谢适应的失调则可能造成产热能力损伤,甚至全身代谢紊乱。本文概述了近年来报道的产热脂肪细胞线粒体多方面的灵活重塑,包括线粒体动力学变化、磷脂和嵴的重塑以及线粒体活性氧水平和氧化应激等方面,全面地总结了相关的调控因子,最后对脂肪细胞产热能力的维持提供了深入的见解,展望了未来有关产热脂肪细胞线粒体的研究方向,以期为开发靶向新药以激活脂肪产热来对抗代谢性疾病提供理论参考。展开更多
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH）, initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, is widely used as an internal control in experiments on proteins, mRNA, and DNA. H...Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH）, initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, is widely used as an internal control in experiments on proteins, mRNA, and DNA. However, emerging evidence indicates that GAPDH is implicated in diverse functions independent of its role in energy metabolism; the expression status of GAPDH is also deregulated in various cancer cells. One of the most common effects of GAPDH is its inconsistent role in the determination of cancer cell fate. Furthermore, studies have described GAPDH as a regulator of cell death; other studies have suggested that GAPDH participates in tumor progression and serves as a new therapeutic target. However, related regulatory mechanisms of its numerous cellular functions and deregulated expression levels remain unclear. GAPDH is tightly regulated at transcriptional and pnsttranscriptional levels, which are involved in the regulation of diverse GAPDH functions. Several cancer-related factors, such as insulin, hypoxia inducible factor-1 （HIF-1）, p53, nitric oxide （NO）, and acetylated histone, not only modulate GAPDH gene expression but also affect protein functions via common pathways. Moreover, posttranslational modifications （PTMs） occurring in GAPDH in cancer cells result in new activities unrelated to the original glycnlytic function of GAPDH. In this review, recent findings related to GAPDH transcriptional regulation and PTMs are summarized. Mechanisms and pathways involved in GAPDH regulation and its different roles in cancer cells are also described.展开更多
The temporal and spatial growth behaviour of protein crystals, subject to different cooling strategies in protein crystallisation was investigated. Although the impact of temperature and cooling rate on crystal growth...The temporal and spatial growth behaviour of protein crystals, subject to different cooling strategies in protein crystallisation was investigated. Although the impact of temperature and cooling rate on crystal growth of small molecules was well documented, much less has been reported on their impact on the crystallisation of proteins. In this paper, an experimental set-up is configured to carry out such a study which involves an automatic temperature controlled hot-stage crystalliser fitted with a real-time imaging system. Linbro parallel crystallisation experiments(24-well plate) were also conducted to find the suitable initial conditions to be used in the hot-stage crystallisation experiments, including the initial concentration of HEW lysozyme solutions, precipitate concentration and pH value. It was observed that fast cooling rates at the early stage led to precipitates while slow cooling rates produced crystal nuclei, and very slow cooling rates, much smaller than for small molecules are critical to the growth of the nuclei and the crystals to a desired shape. The interesting results provide valuable insight as well as experimental proof of the feasibility and effectiveness of cooling as a means for achieving controlled protein crystallisation, compared with the evaporation approach which was widely used to grow single large crystals for X-ray diffraction study. Since cooling rate control can be easily achieved and has good repeatability, it suggests that large-scale production of protein crystals can be effectively achieved by manipulating cooling rates.展开更多
To assess the relationship between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1)/IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) and the risk of esophageal carcinoma.METHODSWe assessed the relationship between the serum levels o...To assess the relationship between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1)/IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) and the risk of esophageal carcinoma.METHODSWe assessed the relationship between the serum levels of these molecules and the risk of esophageal cancer in a prospective, nested case-control study of participants from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. A baseline survey was conducted from 1988 to 1990. Of the 110585 enrolled participants, 35% donated blood samples. Those who had been diagnosed with esophageal cancer were considered cases for nested case-control studies. A conditional logistic model was used to estimate odds ratios for the incidence of esophageal cancer associated with serum IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels.RESULTSThirty-one cases and 86 controls were eligible for the present assessment. The molar ratio of IGF1/IGFBP3, which represents the free and active form of IGF1, was not correlated with the risk of esophageal carcinoma. A higher molar difference between IGFBP3 and IGF1, which estimates the free form of IGFBP3, was associated with a decreased risk of esophageal carcinoma (P = 0.0146), and people in the highest tertile had the lowest risk (OR = 0.107, 95%CI: 0.017-0.669). After adjustment for body mass index, tobacco use, and alcohol intake, the molar difference of IGFBP3-IGF1 was inversely correlated with the risk of esophageal carcinoma (P = 0.0150).CONCLUSIONThe free form of IGFBP3, which is estimated by this molar difference, may be inversely associated with esophageal cancer incidence.展开更多
神经退行性疾病是一组病因不明的慢性进行性神经损害。蛋白质的错误折叠和聚集是这类疾病共同的病理特征。热休克同源蛋白70羧基端作用蛋白（carboxyl—terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein，CHIP）具有双重功能，一方面可作为热休...神经退行性疾病是一组病因不明的慢性进行性神经损害。蛋白质的错误折叠和聚集是这类疾病共同的病理特征。热休克同源蛋白70羧基端作用蛋白（carboxyl—terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein，CHIP）具有双重功能，一方面可作为热休克蛋白的辅助因子，通过氨基端的34肽重复序列结构域与Hsp90和Hsc／HspT0相互作用，调节热休克蛋白介导的蛋白质异常折叠，同时又可作为E3泛素连接酶，通过羧基端的U—box结构域参与泛素一蛋白酶体系统（ubiqutin-proteasome system，UPS）介导的蛋白质降解过程。CHIP在分子伴侣系统和UPS的交互作用中扮演重要角色，对维持细胞内蛋白质稳态具有重要的作用。本文从CHIP蛋白的分子结构特点、生理功能、在细胞代谢中的作用、与神经退行性疾病的关系等方面进行综述。展开更多
文摘伴随经济的快速发展和人类生活水平的提高,肥胖、2型糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝等各种代谢功能紊乱疾病已成为我国重要的公共卫生问题。产热脂肪细胞含有丰富的线粒体以及解偶联蛋白1(uncoupling protein 1,UCP1),可通过消耗甘油三酯和葡萄糖并以非颤抖性产热的方式来维持哺乳动物核心体温,鉴于产热过程增加体内能量消耗,因此,激活产热脂肪成为防治糖脂代谢紊乱性疾病的重要研究方向。线粒体作为产热脂肪细胞中功能高度保守的细胞器,在产热激活和失活过程中出现代谢适应性的改变以响应产热能力的变化,而产热脂肪细胞中线粒体代谢适应的失调则可能造成产热能力损伤,甚至全身代谢紊乱。本文概述了近年来报道的产热脂肪细胞线粒体多方面的灵活重塑,包括线粒体动力学变化、磷脂和嵴的重塑以及线粒体活性氧水平和氧化应激等方面,全面地总结了相关的调控因子,最后对脂肪细胞产热能力的维持提供了深入的见解,展望了未来有关产热脂肪细胞线粒体的研究方向,以期为开发靶向新药以激活脂肪产热来对抗代谢性疾病提供理论参考。
文摘Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH）, initially identified as a glycolytic enzyme and considered as a housekeeping gene, is widely used as an internal control in experiments on proteins, mRNA, and DNA. However, emerging evidence indicates that GAPDH is implicated in diverse functions independent of its role in energy metabolism; the expression status of GAPDH is also deregulated in various cancer cells. One of the most common effects of GAPDH is its inconsistent role in the determination of cancer cell fate. Furthermore, studies have described GAPDH as a regulator of cell death; other studies have suggested that GAPDH participates in tumor progression and serves as a new therapeutic target. However, related regulatory mechanisms of its numerous cellular functions and deregulated expression levels remain unclear. GAPDH is tightly regulated at transcriptional and pnsttranscriptional levels, which are involved in the regulation of diverse GAPDH functions. Several cancer-related factors, such as insulin, hypoxia inducible factor-1 （HIF-1）, p53, nitric oxide （NO）, and acetylated histone, not only modulate GAPDH gene expression but also affect protein functions via common pathways. Moreover, posttranslational modifications （PTMs） occurring in GAPDH in cancer cells result in new activities unrelated to the original glycnlytic function of GAPDH. In this review, recent findings related to GAPDH transcriptional regulation and PTMs are summarized. Mechanisms and pathways involved in GAPDH regulation and its different roles in cancer cells are also described.
基金Supported by the China One Thousand Talent Scheme,the National Natural Science Foundation of China under its Major Research Scheme of Meso-scale Mechanism and Control in Multi-phase Reaction Processes(91434126)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2014A030313228)+1 种基金benefited from early work funded by UK Engineering and Physical Science Research Council(EP/H008012/1EP/H008853/1)
文摘The temporal and spatial growth behaviour of protein crystals, subject to different cooling strategies in protein crystallisation was investigated. Although the impact of temperature and cooling rate on crystal growth of small molecules was well documented, much less has been reported on their impact on the crystallisation of proteins. In this paper, an experimental set-up is configured to carry out such a study which involves an automatic temperature controlled hot-stage crystalliser fitted with a real-time imaging system. Linbro parallel crystallisation experiments(24-well plate) were also conducted to find the suitable initial conditions to be used in the hot-stage crystallisation experiments, including the initial concentration of HEW lysozyme solutions, precipitate concentration and pH value. It was observed that fast cooling rates at the early stage led to precipitates while slow cooling rates produced crystal nuclei, and very slow cooling rates, much smaller than for small molecules are critical to the growth of the nuclei and the crystals to a desired shape. The interesting results provide valuable insight as well as experimental proof of the feasibility and effectiveness of cooling as a means for achieving controlled protein crystallisation, compared with the evaporation approach which was widely used to grow single large crystals for X-ray diffraction study. Since cooling rate control can be easily achieved and has good repeatability, it suggests that large-scale production of protein crystals can be effectively achieved by manipulating cooling rates.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science,and Technology and from the Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare,Japan
文摘To assess the relationship between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1)/IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) and the risk of esophageal carcinoma.METHODSWe assessed the relationship between the serum levels of these molecules and the risk of esophageal cancer in a prospective, nested case-control study of participants from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. A baseline survey was conducted from 1988 to 1990. Of the 110585 enrolled participants, 35% donated blood samples. Those who had been diagnosed with esophageal cancer were considered cases for nested case-control studies. A conditional logistic model was used to estimate odds ratios for the incidence of esophageal cancer associated with serum IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels.RESULTSThirty-one cases and 86 controls were eligible for the present assessment. The molar ratio of IGF1/IGFBP3, which represents the free and active form of IGF1, was not correlated with the risk of esophageal carcinoma. A higher molar difference between IGFBP3 and IGF1, which estimates the free form of IGFBP3, was associated with a decreased risk of esophageal carcinoma (P = 0.0146), and people in the highest tertile had the lowest risk (OR = 0.107, 95%CI: 0.017-0.669). After adjustment for body mass index, tobacco use, and alcohol intake, the molar difference of IGFBP3-IGF1 was inversely correlated with the risk of esophageal carcinoma (P = 0.0150).CONCLUSIONThe free form of IGFBP3, which is estimated by this molar difference, may be inversely associated with esophageal cancer incidence.
