A variable weight approach was proposed to handle the probability deficiency problem in the evidential reasoning （ER） approach. The probability deficiency problem indicated that the inadequate information in the ass...A variable weight approach was proposed to handle the probability deficiency problem in the evidential reasoning （ER） approach. The probability deficiency problem indicated that the inadequate information in the assessment result should be less than that in the input. However, it was proved that under certain circumstances, the ER approach could not solve the probability deficiency problem. The variable weight approach was based on two assumptions： 1） the greater weight should be given to the rule with more adequate information; 2） the greater weight should be given to the rules with less disparate information. Assessment results of two notional case studies show that 1） the probability deficiency problem is solved using the proposed variable weight approach, and 2） the information with less inadequacy and more disparity is provided for the decision makers to help reach a consensus.展开更多
This study discusses the analysis of various modeling approaches such as genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and evidential reasoning, and maintenance techniques applicable to the liquefied natural gas （LNG） carrier ope...This study discusses the analysis of various modeling approaches such as genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and evidential reasoning, and maintenance techniques applicable to the liquefied natural gas （LNG） carrier operations in the maritime environment. The usefulness of these algorithms in the LNG carrier industry in the areas of risk assessment and maintenance modeling as a standalone or hybrid algorithm are identified. This is evidenced with illustrative case studies.展开更多
Instead of merely inferring that our beliefs are in a correlation to the facts, I will contend that what matters is the logic of their inferential structure. This will reveal what is actually true for their relation a...Instead of merely inferring that our beliefs are in a correlation to the facts, I will contend that what matters is the logic of their inferential structure. This will reveal what is actually true for their relation and not just real for experience. Given one and two-sided inferences, the conditions of their functional relation will be consistent within a square of opposition; for contraries, contradictions and sub-contraries in a way that probability theory is not. Within this model of inferences, the two-sided concept of inferences will also have a modal value for its relation to the one-sided concept of inferences. Proposing that empirical, formal, speculative, and an Intuitionist Speculative understanding of logic will have a modal identity within a dialectical principle.展开更多
Objective： To observe the therapeutic effect on treatment of acne with acupuncture plus moving cupping and blood-letting. Method： Sixty acne cases were randomized into the treatment group for combined acupuncture an...Objective： To observe the therapeutic effect on treatment of acne with acupuncture plus moving cupping and blood-letting. Method： Sixty acne cases were randomized into the treatment group for combined acupuncture and moving cupping and blood-letting and control group for acupuncture alone. The therapeutic effects of the cases in the two groups were observed after a 30-day treatment. Result： The total effective rate was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The combined acupuncture and moving cupping and blood-letting can effectively increase the effective rate in the treatment of acne.展开更多
Objective：To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture （EA） combined with tuina for chronic tension-type headache （CTTH）. Methods：A total of 97 CTTH cases were randomly allocated into an observation gr...Objective：To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture （EA） combined with tuina for chronic tension-type headache （CTTH）. Methods：A total of 97 CTTH cases were randomly allocated into an observation group （n=52） and a control group （n=45）. Patients in the observation group were treated with EA plus tuina based on pattern identification, whereas patients in the control group were treated with oral amitriptyline and oryzanol. Patients in both groups were treated for 8 weeks. A follow-up was conducted 3 months after the treatment. The intensity, duration, and frequency of the headache were recorded and compared before and after the treatment. Additionally, the patients＇ psychological state and quality of life （QOL） were compared between the two groups. Results：There were intra-group statistically significant differences in headache intensity score, headache duration, and headache frequency after the treatment and during the follow-up compared with those before the treatment （allP〈0.05）; and there were between-group statistically significant differences during the same time frame （allP〈0.05）. The Hamilton depression scale-17 items （HAMD-17） and Hamilton anxiety scale （HAMA） scores were significantly reduced in both groups after the treatment or during the follow-up （allP〈0.01）; and there were no between-group statistical significances during the same time frame （allP〉0.05）. The World Health Organization quality of life-BREF （WHOQOL-BREF） scores were significantly reduced in both groups after the treatment or during the follow-up （allP〈0.05）; and the scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group （allP〈0.05） during the same time frame. The total effective rate was 88.0% in the observation group, versus 71.4% in the control group, showing a significant difference （P〈0.05）. Conclusion：EA combined with tuina can significantly decrease the frequency of chronic tension-type headache, alleviate headache intensity, shorten headache duration, and improve the patients＆#39; wellness. It is better than amitriptyline plus oryzanol.展开更多
Inference rules are at the heart of studies of logic. Although legal logic is an applied logic, it is not a simple application of the inference rules of formal logic in the legal domain, but the outcome of a combinati...Inference rules are at the heart of studies of logic. Although legal logic is an applied logic, it is not a simple application of the inference rules of formal logic in the legal domain, but the outcome of a combination of the inference rules of formal logic and inference rules peculiar to the legal domain. Therefore, although legal inference rules have some features in common with the inference rules of formal logic, they also have a distinctive character. Their common features are to be found in the fact that the basic inference rules of formal logic are an indispensable part of the inference rules of legal logic, while their distinctiveness lies in the fact that legal inference rules contain a special inference rule that does not exist in formal logic, the rule of burden of proof.展开更多
基金Foundation item： Projects（70901074, 71001104, 71201168） supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A variable weight approach was proposed to handle the probability deficiency problem in the evidential reasoning （ER） approach. The probability deficiency problem indicated that the inadequate information in the assessment result should be less than that in the input. However, it was proved that under certain circumstances, the ER approach could not solve the probability deficiency problem. The variable weight approach was based on two assumptions： 1） the greater weight should be given to the rule with more adequate information; 2） the greater weight should be given to the rules with less disparate information. Assessment results of two notional case studies show that 1） the probability deficiency problem is solved using the proposed variable weight approach, and 2） the information with less inadequacy and more disparity is provided for the decision makers to help reach a consensus.
文摘This study discusses the analysis of various modeling approaches such as genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic and evidential reasoning, and maintenance techniques applicable to the liquefied natural gas （LNG） carrier operations in the maritime environment. The usefulness of these algorithms in the LNG carrier industry in the areas of risk assessment and maintenance modeling as a standalone or hybrid algorithm are identified. This is evidenced with illustrative case studies.
文摘Instead of merely inferring that our beliefs are in a correlation to the facts, I will contend that what matters is the logic of their inferential structure. This will reveal what is actually true for their relation and not just real for experience. Given one and two-sided inferences, the conditions of their functional relation will be consistent within a square of opposition; for contraries, contradictions and sub-contraries in a way that probability theory is not. Within this model of inferences, the two-sided concept of inferences will also have a modal value for its relation to the one-sided concept of inferences. Proposing that empirical, formal, speculative, and an Intuitionist Speculative understanding of logic will have a modal identity within a dialectical principle.
文摘Objective： To observe the therapeutic effect on treatment of acne with acupuncture plus moving cupping and blood-letting. Method： Sixty acne cases were randomized into the treatment group for combined acupuncture and moving cupping and blood-letting and control group for acupuncture alone. The therapeutic effects of the cases in the two groups were observed after a 30-day treatment. Result： The total effective rate was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The combined acupuncture and moving cupping and blood-letting can effectively increase the effective rate in the treatment of acne.
文摘Objective：To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture （EA） combined with tuina for chronic tension-type headache （CTTH）. Methods：A total of 97 CTTH cases were randomly allocated into an observation group （n=52） and a control group （n=45）. Patients in the observation group were treated with EA plus tuina based on pattern identification, whereas patients in the control group were treated with oral amitriptyline and oryzanol. Patients in both groups were treated for 8 weeks. A follow-up was conducted 3 months after the treatment. The intensity, duration, and frequency of the headache were recorded and compared before and after the treatment. Additionally, the patients＇ psychological state and quality of life （QOL） were compared between the two groups. Results：There were intra-group statistically significant differences in headache intensity score, headache duration, and headache frequency after the treatment and during the follow-up compared with those before the treatment （allP〈0.05）; and there were between-group statistically significant differences during the same time frame （allP〈0.05）. The Hamilton depression scale-17 items （HAMD-17） and Hamilton anxiety scale （HAMA） scores were significantly reduced in both groups after the treatment or during the follow-up （allP〈0.01）; and there were no between-group statistical significances during the same time frame （allP〉0.05）. The World Health Organization quality of life-BREF （WHOQOL-BREF） scores were significantly reduced in both groups after the treatment or during the follow-up （allP〈0.05）; and the scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group （allP〈0.05） during the same time frame. The total effective rate was 88.0% in the observation group, versus 71.4% in the control group, showing a significant difference （P〈0.05）. Conclusion：EA combined with tuina can significantly decrease the frequency of chronic tension-type headache, alleviate headache intensity, shorten headache duration, and improve the patients＆#39; wellness. It is better than amitriptyline plus oryzanol.
文摘Inference rules are at the heart of studies of logic. Although legal logic is an applied logic, it is not a simple application of the inference rules of formal logic in the legal domain, but the outcome of a combination of the inference rules of formal logic and inference rules peculiar to the legal domain. Therefore, although legal inference rules have some features in common with the inference rules of formal logic, they also have a distinctive character. Their common features are to be found in the fact that the basic inference rules of formal logic are an indispensable part of the inference rules of legal logic, while their distinctiveness lies in the fact that legal inference rules contain a special inference rule that does not exist in formal logic, the rule of burden of proof.
