“法后王”:荀子对孔孟国家伦理的逻辑改造

在儒家传统思想中,家庭伦理与国家政治伦理重合,所以,在血亲氏族制国家中,一国之君同时也是一家之长,君臣关系就是父子关系。但到了春秋战国,由于血缘氏族制国家向地域国家转型,这种国家伦理思想遭遇困境。面对困境,孔孟选择坚持,而荀子则适时改变。他以逻辑的方式消解了家庭伦理在国家政治中的基础地位,在宇宙的大背景之下把“气”“知”“义”当作客观标准,将万物划分为水火、草木、禽兽和人类四个层次,证明人类最贵,从而确立了人对万物的统治依据;而在社会之中,再通过自然的生物之人和君师治下的社会之人的区分,强调社会之人高于生物之人,最终证明,君最贵,从而确立了君的统治依据。由于国家伦理思想的修正必然引起现实政治操作的改变,于是“法后王”思想就应运而生,这是荀子逻辑改造传统国家伦理思想的必然结果,而且,本身也是逻辑方法的运用,对现代国家治理有很强的借鉴意义。

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SELF-REPAIRING FLIGHT CONTROL

The most prospective method for certain structural failures and damages that cannot employ redundancy is self-repairing techniques, to ensure especially the maximum flight safety. Based on the characters of self-repairing aircraft, this paper states some basic assumptions of the self-repairing aircraft, and puts forward some special new conceptions concerning the self-repairing aircraft: control input, operating input, command input, repair input and operating and control factor as well as their relationships. Thus it provides a simple and reliable mathematical model structure for the research on the self-repairing control of the aircraft.

怎样当好车间工艺员

车间工艺管理水平的高低与产品质量、产量、消耗关系十分密切。而车间工艺员管理水平的高低,又直接由工艺员的工作体现出来。本文就怎样当好车间工艺员,从以下几方面进行阐述。 一、熟练掌握工艺操作技术。工艺员对工艺操术技术越熟练,就越容易发现工人操作过程中产生的失误。

公开认输——岳美中

人生大病,只是一＂傲＂字。——明·王阳明岳美中（1900-1982）,河北省滦县人。17岁担任小学教员时,因病自学中医,曾经撰一座右铭＂治心何日能忘我,操术随时可误人＂来激励自己,警醒自己。并目认为——无恒难以做医生。有了这种思想,终于成就了一代中医药学大师。他多次受命为外国元首诊疗,为我国医疗外交做出突出贡献。在这背后,他又是一个虚怀若谷、勇于反省的人。

Application of H infinite control to ship steering system

Because the general object of ship steering control system is singular, the state Of rudder force and the state of disturbance are separated, and the generalized yaw output disturhance is obtained. Furthermore, singular system control problem of ship yaw and sway coupled system is transferred into nonsingular standard control problem. Then according to the linear fractional denoting algorithm of the rational function parameter perturbation system, the Linear Fractional Transform （LFT） model of yaw and sway coupled motion is solved, which is used to design the ship steering robust control system. For the ship steering system with the uncertain parameters, the robust control law is designed based on H^∞ μ-synthesis. And the robust performance of the system is analyzed and the simulation validation is made. Simulation results show that the designed control system has excellent control effect and robustness.

Efficacy of endoscopic therapy for gastrointestinal bleeding from Dieulafoy’s lesion

AIM： To investigate the endoscopic hemostasis for gastrointestinal bleeding due to Dieulafoy＇s lesion. METHODS： One hundred and seven patients with gastrointestinal bleeding due to Dieulafoy＇s lesion were treated with three endoscopic hemostasis methods： aethoxysklerol injection （46 cases）, endoscopic hemoclip hemostasis （31 cases）, and a combination of hemoclip hemostasis with aethoxysklerol injection （30 cases）. RESULTS： The rates of successful hemostasis using the three methods were 71.7% （33/46）, 77.4% （24/31） and 96.7% （29/30）, respectively, with significant differences between the methods （P 〈 0.05）. Among those who had unsuccessful treatment with aethoxysklerol injection, 13 were treated with hemoclip hemostasis and 4 underwent surgical operation; 9 cases were successful in the injection therapy. Among the cases with unsuccessful treatment with hemoclip hemostasis,7 were treated with injection of aethoxysklerol and 3 cases underwent surgical operation; 4 cases were successful in the treatment with hemoclip hemostasis. Only 1 case had unsuccessful treatment with a combined therapy of hemoclip hemostasis and aeth- oxysklerol injection, and surgery was then performed. No serious complications of perforation occurred in the patients whose bleeding was treated with the endoscopic hemostasis, and no releeding was found during a 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION： The combined therapy of hemoclip hemostasis with aethoxysklerol injection is the most effective method for gastrointestinal bleeding due to Dieulafoy＇s lesion.

Liver function alterations after laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer and its clinical significance

AIM: To evaluate the factors associated with liver function alterations after laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy (LAG) for gastric cancer. METHODS: We collected the data of gastrectomy patients with gastric cancer and divided them into 2 groups: open gastrectomy (OG) and LAG. We also collected the data of patients with colon cancer to evaluate the effect of liver manipulations during surgery on liver function alterations. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase were measured on the preoperative day and postoperative day 1 (POD1), POD3, POD5, and POD7. RESULTS: No changes in liver function were observed after the operation in patients with colon cancer (n = 121). However, in gastric cancer patients (n = 215), AST and ALT levels increased until POD5 compared to those in colon cancer patients and these findings were observed both in the LAG and OG without a significant difference except at POD1. The mean hepatic enzyme levels at POD1 in the LAG group were significantly higher than those in the OG group (P = 0.047 for AST and P = 0.039 for ALT). The factors associated with elevated ALT on POD1 in patients with gastric cancer were body mass index (P < 0.001), operation time (P < 0.001), intraoperative hepatic injury (P = 0.048), and ligation of an aberrant left hepatic artery (P = 0.052) but not type of operation (OG vs LAG, P = 0.094). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the liver function alteration after LAG may have been caused by direct liver manipulation or aberrant hepatic artery ligation rather than the CO2 pneumoperitoneum.

Patients' quality of life after laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy

Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating and comparing the quality of life in patients who underwent laparo-scopic and open cholecystectomy for chronic cholecystolithiasis. Methods: The study included 25 patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC group) and 26 with open cholecystectomy (OC group). The quality of life was measured with the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GLQI) preoperatively, thereafter regularly at 2, 5, 10 and 16 weeks after the operation. Results: The mean preoperative overall GLQI scores were 112.5 and 110.3 in LC and OC group respectively (P>0.05). In the LC group, the mean overall GLQI score reduced slightly to 110.0 two weeks after the operation (P>0.05). The LC group showed significant improvement in overall score and in the aspects of symptomatology, emotional and physiological status from 5 to 16 weeks postoperatively. In the OC group, the GLQI score reduced to 102.0 two weeks after surgery (P<0.05). Significant reductions were shown in the aspects of symptomatology, physiological and social status. The GLQI scores returned to the preoperative level of 115.6 ten weeks after the operation (P>0.05). The patients experienced significant improvements of GLQI sixteen weeks after OC operation (P<0.01-0.05). Within the 10 postoperative weeks, the LC group had significantly higher GLQI scores than the OC group (P<0.05). Conclusions: LC can improve the quality of life postoperatively better and more rapidly than OC. The assessment of quality of life assessment is a valid method for measuring the effects of surgical treatment.

Discovering Attack Path Oriented-IP Traceback

The technique of IP traceback may effectively block DOS (Denial Of Service) and meet the requirement of the computer forensic, but its accuracy depends upon that condition that each node in the Internet must support IP packet marking or detected agents. So far, this requirement is not satisfied. On the basis of traditional traceroute,this paper investigates the efficiency of discovering path methods from aspects of the size and order of detecting packets, and the length of paths.It points out that the size of padding in probed packets has a slight effect on discovering latency, and the latency with the method of bulk sending receiving is much smaller than one with the traditional traceroute. Moreover, the loss rate of packets with the technique of TTL (Time To Live) which increases monotonously is less than that with the technique of TTL which decreases monotonously. Lastly,OS (Operating System) passive fingerprint is used as heuristic to predict the length of the discovered path so as to reduce disturbance in network traffic.

Granular cell tumor of the common bile duct: A Japanese case

Granular cell tumor (GCT) of the biliary system is rare. It is reported that it occurs more commonly in young black women. We report here our seldom experience of a Japanese case in whom icterus was found as a first symptom just after a caesarean operation. A 36-year-old Japanese woman developed icterus after delivery by the Caesarean operation. A surgical operation was performed without can deny that there was a tumor-related change in a bile duct as a result of examination for various images. As a result of pathological evaluation, GCT was diagnosed. By the preoperative organization biomicroscopy result, it was not able to be attachd a right diagnosis. It was thought that this tumor, although rare, should be considered as one of the causes of biliary stenosis in the younger population.

Application of video-assisted thoracic surgery in the standard operation for thoracic tumors

Objective： To evaluate the short-term outcomes of video-assisted thoracic surgery （VATS） for thoracic tumors. Methods： The data of 1,790 consecutive patients were retrospectively reviewed. These patients underwent VATS pulmonary resections, VATS esophagectomies, and VATS resections of mediastinal tumors or biopsies at the Cancer Institute ＆ Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between January 2009 and January 2012. Results： There were 33 patients converted to open thoracotomy （OT, 1.84%）. The overall morbidity and mortality rate was 2.79% （50/1790） and 0.28% （5/1790）, respectively. The overall hospitalization and chest tube duration were shorter in the VATS lobectomy group （n=949） than in the open thoracotomy （OT） lobectomy group （n=753）. There were no significant differences in morbidity rate, mortality rate and operation time between the two groups. In the esophageal cancer patients, no significant difference was found in the number of nodal dissection, chest tube duration, morbidity rate, mortality rate, and hospital length of stay between the VATS esophagectomy group （n=8 1） and open esophagectomy group （n=81）. However, the operation time was longer in the VATS esophagectomy group. In the thymoma patients, there was no significant difference in the chest tube duration, morbidity rate, mortality rate, and hospital length of stay between the VATS thymectomy group （n=41） and open thymectomy group （n=41）. However, the operation time was longer in the VATS group. The median tumor size in the VATS thymectomy group was comparable with that in the OT group. Conclusions： In early-stage （Ⅰ/Ⅱ） non-small cell lung cancer patients who underwent lobectomies, VATS is comparable with the OT approach with similar short-term outcomes. In patients with resectable esophageal cancer, VATS esophagectomy is comparable with OT esophagectomy with similar morbidity and mortality. VATS thymectomy for Masaoka stage I and II thymoma is feasible and safe, and tumor size is not contraindicated. Longer follow-ups are needed to determine the oncologic equivalency of VATS lobectomy, esophagectomy, and thymectomy for thymoma vs. OT.

Deformation Characteristics of Leather for Shoe Upper, Filled with Natural Minerals

A promising direction in the tanning industry is the use of natural minerals as environmentally friendly technologically efficient materials that are able to adjust and regulate the efficiency of formation of the dermis structure and the properties of finished leather. The use of finely-dispersed minerals promotes alignment of topographic areas in thickness, increases the yield of leather on the area by avoiding bonding structural elements of the dermis. Changes in the microstructure of the dermis, as a result of mineral filling, contribute to improvement of performance and hygienic properties of finished leather. And the study of the properties of the specified skins should be consistent with the features of operations on their cutting, shoe molding and shoe upper fixing preparations. The most important properties of leather materials, which largely determine the quality of basic technological operations of shoe manufacturing are the deformation properties. Lack of information about relaxation and deformation properties of the leather produced by the new technologies do not allow to predict their ability to form shapes and save it--indicates the relevance of this study. This paper analyzes relaxation and deformation characteristics of natural leather for shoe uppers, filled with natural minerals montmorillonite and zeolite, and the ability to predict their formation and preservation of shape in service. Features of deformation of the skin with mineral content were assessed by determining single-cycle characteristics when attaching to a complete test cycle ＂loading-unloading-rest＂ sample. Correlations of elastic and plastic （permanent） deformation have been established, kinetics of changes in linear characteristics of the samples after removal of the load has been investigated. Introduction of dispersions of mineral to the structure of the dermis contributes to the strength of semi-finished leather, increase of the uniformity of mechanical properties in the longitudinal and transverse directions and rise of shape stability index. It is shown that the direction of this study allows us to offer new competitive ecologically friendly materials to produce shoes.

Improved laparoscopic transanal pull-through technique for low-rectal cancer resection

Objective： We described the applicability and evaluated the advantages of improved laparoscopic transanal pull-through （ILTPT） for low-rectal cancer resection. Materials： ILTPT was performed in 4 patients. Five or 4 ports were used. After isolation and section of the inferior mesenteric vessels, the rectum and sigmoid colon was mobilized. Total mesorectal excision and dissection of the distal rectum from the puborectalis muscle was carried out under laparoscopic guidance. The sigmoid colon and rectum were exteriorized via the anus. The rectum was divided proximally. Next, a purse-string suture was placed in the proximal segment, and the distal end of the sigmoid colon was returned to the pelvic cavity. The distal rectum was divided with Curved cutter staplermade by Jonson-Jonson company. Dislodging specimen, the continuity of the intestinal tract was restored using PROXIMATE ILS Curved and Straight Intraluminal Staplers CDH29/33 （Ethicon） through the rectum. Results： None of the cases were converted to open surgery. Average operation time was 180 min （range, 160-210 min）. No blood loss or any other complications were noted. Average postoperative stay was 9 days. Complications such as necrosis, anastomotic leakage and stricture, and genitoudnary disorders were not found in any of the patients at the 1 m follow-up. Conclusion： This report suggests that ILTPT is feasible and safe in Anus-Conserving Operation for low Rectal Cancer without auxiliary incision. If only we hold the applicability of ILTPT less trauma, more beautiful.

Magnetic Helical Micro-and Nanorobots:Toward Their Biomedical Applications

Magnetic helical micro- and nanorobots can perform 3D navigation in various liquids with a sub- micrometer precision under low-strength rotating magnetic fields （〈 10 rer）. Since magnetic fields with low strengths are harmless to cells and tissues, magnetic helical micro/ nanorobots are promising tools for biomedical applications, such as minimally invasive surgery, cell manipulation and analysis, and targeted therapy. This review provides general information on magnetic helical micro/nanorobots, including their fabrication, motion control, and further functionalization for biomedical applications.

A Novel Smart Forwarding Scheme in LTE-Advanced Networks

Long Term Evolution(LTE) and IEEE 802.16 WiMAX are competing access network technologies adopted in 4G wireless networks in recent years.LTE complies with3 GPP standards whereas 802.16 WiMAX is regulated by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE).Although WiMAX is already operating commercially in Taiwan,the system is limited to an independent new system that is incompatible with the current 3G system.Hence,the cost of implementing the WiMAX system is relatively high,this being an impediment to its rapid uptake and widespread use.On the other hand,LTE conforms to 3GPP that is supported by telecommunication manufacturers and operators and is,moreover,backward compatible with 3G/UMTS cellular systems.The LTE specifications define how user equipment(UE) connects and communicates with evolved Node B(eNB) base stations.The enhanced version,LTE-Advanced,adds a new entity called the relay node(RN) to widen service coverage,although this change has resulted in a more complex architecture.Mobility management and data forwarding are essential components in wireless mobile networking.This paper focuses on the efficient handover procedure in LTE-Advanced networks,and proposes a Smart Forwarding mechanism to improve the handover performance.Simulation studies show that the proposed Smart Forwarding scheme employs a better operational transmission path that effectively reduces handover latency and signal overhead.

Modified frontolateral partial laryngectomy operation: combined muscle-pedicle hyoid bone and thyrohyoid membrane flap in laryngeal reconstruction

Objective: Laryngeal reconstruction is needed to preserve laryngeal function in patients who have undergone extensive vertical or frontal partial laryngectomy. However, the procedure remains a difficult challenge. Several reconstruction techniques have been described, but these techniques pose risks of complications such as laryngeal stenosis. This study aimed to evaluate the postoperative course and functional outcomes of a new technique that combined a muscle-pedicle hyoid bone and a thyrohyoid flap during laryngeal reconstruction after tumor resection. Methods: Four patients underwent extensive vertical partial or frontal partial laryngectomy for cancer. After tumor resection, laryngeal reconstruction was performed using the proposed technique. Postoperative recovery time, complications, and oncologic results were evaluated. Results: The four patients were successfully treated with the proposed technique. No dyspnea, dysphagia, or death occurred during the postoperative course. Decannulation was performed after a median of 3 days. The average postoperative hospital stay was 7 days. Short-term postoperative functional recovery was normal. No laryngeal stenosis or tumor recurrence was observed in any of the four patients after a follow-up period of more than 24 months. Conclusion: The combination of the muscle-pedicle hyoid bone and the thyrohyoid flap is a reliable procedure for laryngeal reconstruction after extensive vertical partial or frontal partial laryngectomy.

Metastasis and micrometastasis in ultra-low rectal cancer

Objective:The aim of our study was to investigate the lymph node metastasis of mesorectum and ischiorectal foss in ultra-low rectal cancer and its influence on the surgical procedure selection.Methods:Large slices and tissue microarray technology were used to detect metastasis lymph nodes from 23 dissected specimens of ultra-low rectal cancer.Results:415 lymph nodes were detected in the 23 specimens.169 and 59 lymph nodes were metastasis and micrometastasis, respectively.Twelve specimens were diagnosed with lymph node metastasis, while other 4 specimens were with lymph node micro-metastasis.There were 29.0% (49/169) and 17.2% (29/169) metastatic lymph nodes located in the outer and anterior region of mesorectum.There were 2 cases with ischiorectal fossa lymph node metastasis and 1 case with micrometastasis.The 3 metastatic cases were only 13% (13/23) of all the 23 cases.Conclusion:There is regional lymph node metastasis existing in ultra-low rectal cancer.The metastatic incidences in distal mesorectum and ischiorectal fossa are relatively low.Considering Miles operation as the standard surgical procedure for ultra-low rectal cancer should be evaluated renewedly.

State of the Art and Future Trends of Unconventional PD-Measurement at Power Transformers

This paper discusses the current state of the art of diagnostics at power transformers. A special focus is set on the UHF-PD-measurement （ultra-high-frequency partial discharge measurement） because at power transformers, this diagnostic method has become more important in recent years. The current state, basics and principles of operations, proceedings as well as advantages of PD-measurement methods are covered. Furthermore problems and proposed solutions are discussed. Bushings and tap changers are not discussed in detail. In many cases, one single diagnostic method does not have the ability to sufficiently evaluate a power transformer. Therefore, a variety of diagnostic methods came up over times, which are commonly used by now. To expand the evaluation opportunities of power transformers, science strives to develop new diagnostic methods as well as to improve the existing ones. Furthermore, environmentally friendly and hardly inflammable ester liquids are examined for the use at power transformers and PD-measurement at HVDC （high voltage direct current） converter transformers as well. Potential diagnostic options and respectively current developments and findings in the field of oil-paper-insulation systems are outlined conclusively.

Reaching proficiency in laparoscopic splenectomy

AIM:To investigate the proficiency level reached in laparoscopic splenectomy using the learning curve method.METHODS:All patients in need of splenectomy for benign causes in whom laparoscopic splenectomy was attempted by a single surgeon during a time period of 6 years were included in the study (n=33). Besides demographics, operation-related variables and the response to surgery were recorded. The patients were allocated to groups of five, ranked according to the date of the operation. Operation duration, complications, postoperative length of stay, conversion to laparotomy and splenic weight were then compared between these groups.RESULTS: There was a significant difference regarding operation times between the groups (P = 0.001). An improvement was observed after the first 5 cases. The learning curve was flat up to the 25th case. Following the 25th case the operation times decreased still further. There was no difference between the groups regarding the other parameters.CONCLUSION: Unlike the widely accepted "L" shape, the learning curve for laparoscopic splenectomy is a horizontal lazy "S" with two distinct slopes. Privileges may be granted after the first 5 cases. However proficiency seems to require 25 cases.

On the Operation and Organization Mode of the Enterprise＇s E-commerce

The E-business organization of enterprise comes into being due to the demand of era. With the development of the society, it has been developing from H type to U Mode, to the shape of matrix and then to the shape of the network. The evolution of these modes is derived from the necessity to serve customers and society better. This is the current E-business organization mode.