白马话支属问题研究

白马话是指白马人所讲的语言。白马人自称to^21 pu^53，又自称pe^53，pe^53也是他们对藏族的称呼，to^53 pu^53。这一自称源于河名，指他们居住的地方在夺补河(涪江上游支流，平武县境内)流域。pe^53则是藏语bod的变音。

土家语的支属问题

土家语的支属问题迄今尚无定论。本文以黄布凡的《藏缅语300核心词词表》为基础,扩大到400个核心词,在此范围内考察了土家语和藏缅语族的亲缘关系。文中运用历史比较法,将土家语同藏缅语族5个语支39种语言54个调查点的词汇材料1逐一进行了比较,从中揭示出同源词的比率及语音演变规律,就语法范畴问题同羌语支语言作了异同比较。文章在充分论证的基础上,提出了土家语属于羌语支的结论。

Cladistic Analysis of the Cyprinid Subgenus Cyprinus (Mesocyprinus) Fang (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Phylogeny of the cyprinid subgenus Cyprinus (Mesocyprinus ) is elucidated based on both external and osteological features. All five species of Cyprinus (Mesocyprinus ) are including in the ingroup in addition to two Cyprinus (Cyprinus ) species. Procypris merus was treated as outgroup in comparison. A total of 48 characters were identified as variable among ingroup and outgroup. Phylogenetic analysis was accomplished using Parsimony and Bootstrap methods with Branch and Bound search of PAUP *. There are 28 characters remaining useful after excluding unpolarized characters and autapomorphies of terminal taxa. Analysis of the characters resulted in one tree with a length of 69 steps, Consistency Index (CI) of 0 7246, CI excluding uninformative characters of 0 6122, and Retention Index (RI) of 0 6346. It is apparent that the Mesocyprinus group consisting of five species is a polyphyletic group. This result suggests that subgenus Cyprinus (Mesocyprinus ) should be suspended.

塞尔柱克人的崛起及其历史条件

塞尔柱克人是一支属突厥族的游牧部落。10世纪初期游牧于锡尔河以北草原。10世纪中期开始向河中地区迁移。约莫一个世纪以后,在里海东南的呼罗珊地区夺得地盘,站稳脚跟,并开始对外扩张,短时间内建立起庞大的塞尔柱克帝国,统治了西亚、中亚、小亚细亚广大地区。对这些地区的历史,甚至时欧洲的历史都产生过重要影响。这里不揣粗陋,试图追踪塞尔柱克人迁徙的足迹,考察他们的活动,描述他们崛起的经过,并揭示他们兴起的历史条件。为叙述方便,凡有争论的问题,均在注释中阐述。塞尔柱克人从有史记载的10世纪起到1040年打败伽色尼王朝苏丹,建立帝国止,其间经历了近百年。

Topology optimization of microstructure and selective laser meltingfabrication for metallic biomaterial scaffolds

The precise design and fabrication of biomaterial scaffolds is necessary to provide a systematic study for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterial scaffolds should have sufficient stiffness and large porosity. These two goals generally contradict since larger porosity results in lower mechanical properties. To seek the microstructure of maximum stiffness with the constraint of volume fraction by topology optimization method, algorithms and programs were built to obtain 2D and 3D optimized microstructure and then they were transferred to CAD models of STL format. Ti scaffolds with 30% volume fraction were fabricated using a selective laser melting （SLM） technology. The architecture and pore shape in the metallic biomaterial scaffolds were relatively precise reproduced and the minimum mean pore size was 231μm. The accurate fabrication of intricate microstructure has verified that the SLM process is suitable for fabrication of metallic biomaterial scaffolds.

元江县“绿色发展”现状及存在的问题和建议

元江县素有“天然温室”和“红河谷中太阳城”之美誉,得天独厚的自然资源和生态环境非常适合“绿色发展”。通过分析元江县“绿色发展”现状,找出“绿色发展”存在的问题,并提出相关的对策与建议。元江哈尼族彝族傣族自治县地处昆曼国际大通道、楚河经济干线交汇处,距省会昆明市220 km,距玉溪市130 km。元江地势西北高,东南低。山脉呈南北走向,以元江(河)为界,西南支属哀牢山脉,东北支属横断山脉,两山脉逶迤向南延伸,使元江河谷形成了元江坝、东峨坝、甘庄坝、南洒坝等河谷盆地。全县山区面积2766.5 km^2,占96.8%;坝区面积91.5 km^2,占3.2%。由于地形复杂,立体气候特点突出,山区温凉,坝区炎热。最高海拔2580 m,最低海拔327 m。坝区年平均气温23.8℃,年均降水量600~800 mm,终年无霜,光照充足,热量充沛。热坝区属全国少有的干热河谷气候,素有“天然温室”之美誉,气候独特,是全省距昆明最近、最具有开发潜力的热区。

The Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Percutaneous Transhepatic Metal Versus Plastic Biliary Stent Implantation for Treating Malignant Biliary Obstruction (Multiple Center Investigation)

Objective: To compare metal versus plastic biliary stent implantation for treatment of malignant biliary obstruction in cost-effectiveness ratio (CER). Methods: Percutaneous transhepatic self-expandable metal stent (MS, n=61) or 10F plastic stent (PS, n=34) implantation was performed in 95 patients with malignant biliary obstruction in three hospitals of Guangdong province. All patients were followed up until death or at least one year after the procedure. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the survival and stent patency rates of the patients in the two groups. CERs of two groups were calculated. The main indexes were CERsurvival period (total cost/median survival period), CERpatency period (total cost/median patency period). Results: The total costs of treatment were 53177±3139 yuan (RMB) in MS group and 42564±4950 yuan (RMB) in PS group respectively (P>0.05). CER in MS group was superior to that in PS group (CERsurvival period was 237.4 yuan /d vs 452.6 yuan /d, respectively; CERpatency period was 231.2 yuan /d vs 472.9 yuan /d, respectively). Conclusion: The metal stent implantation is superior to the plastic stent in the CER for treatment of malignant biliary obstruction.

海南谟话数量词及其组合规律

谟话(mo352)也称作“村话”,是海南岛西海岸昌化江下游两岸的居民所使用的属于壮侗语族的一种语言。笔者最近在对该语言进行调查研究的过程中,发现该语言的数词及数量词的组合的一些规律,既不同于汉语,也与同语族其他语言不完全相同,而有它独具的特点,这些特点值得语言学术界的注意。本文拟在简要介绍谟话的数量词的同时,对其组合规律作初步的分析与描述,揭示它的主要特点,为语言学术界进一步认识谟话,探讨谟话的支属提供一些不可忽略的词法方面的比较材料。

Semi-supervised least squares support vector machine algorithm:application to offshore oil reservoir

At the early stages of deep-water oil exploration and development, fewer and further apart wells are drilled than in onshore oilfields. Supervised least squares support vector machine algorithms are used to predict the reservoir parameters but the prediction accuracy is low. We combined the least squares support vector machine （LSSVM） algorithm with semi-supervised learning and established a semi-supervised regression model, which we call the semi-supervised least squares support vector machine （SLSSVM） model. The iterative matrix inversion is also introduced to improve the training ability and training time of the model. We use the UCI data to test the generalization of a semi-supervised and a supervised LSSVM models. The test results suggest that the generalization performance of the LSSVM model greatly improves and with decreasing training samples the generalization performance is better. Moreover, for small-sample models, the SLSSVM method has higher precision than the semi-supervised K-nearest neighbor （SKNN） method. The new semi- supervised LSSVM algorithm was used to predict the distribution of porosity and sandstone in the Jingzhou study area.

Photodynamic therapy prolongs metal stent patency in patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma

AIM:To evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on metal stent patency in patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CC). METHODS:This was a retrospective analysis of patients with hilar CC referred to our institution from December, 1999 to January, 2011. Out of 232 patients, thirty-three patients with unresectable hilar CC were treated. Eighteen patients in the PDT group were treated with uncovered metal stents after one session of PDT. Fifteen patients in the control group were treated with metal stents alone. Porfimer sodium (2 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to PDT patients. Fortyeight hours later, PDT was administered using a diffusing fiber that was advanced across the tumor by either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or percutaneous cholangiography. After performance of PDT, uncovered metal stents were inserted to ensure adequate decompression and bile drainage. Patient survival rates and cumulative stent patency were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test. RESULTS:The PDT and control patients were comparable with respect to age, gender, health status, pretreatment bilirubin, and hilar CC stage. When compared to control, the PDT group was associated with significantly prolonged stent patency (median 244 ± 66 and 177 ± 45 d, respectively, P = 0.002) and longer patient survival (median 356 ± 213 and 230 ± 73 d, respectively, P = 0.006). Early complication rates were similar between the groups (PDT group 17%, control group 13%) and all patients were treated conservatively. Stent malfunctions occurred in 14 PDT patients (78%) and 12 control patients (80%). Of these 26 patients, twenty-two were treated endoscopically and four were treated with external drainage. CONCLUSION:Metal stenting after one session of PDT may be safe with acceptable complication rates. The PDT group was associated with a significantly longer stent patency than the control group in patients with unresectable hilar CC.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage with placement of a fully covered metal stent for malignant biliary obstruction

AIM:To determine the utility of endoscopic ultrasoundguided biliary drainage(EUS-BD)with a fully covered self-expandable metal stent for managing malignant biliary stricture. METHODS:We collected data from 13 patients who presented with malignant biliary obstruction and underwent EUS-BD with a nitinol fully covered selfexpandable metal stent when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)fails.EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy(EUS-CD)and EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy(EUS-HG)was performed in 9 patients and 4 patients,respectively. RESULTS:The technical and functional success rate was 92.3%(12/13)and 91.7%(11/12),respectively. Using an intrahepatic approach(EUS-HG,n=4),there was mild peritonitis(n=1)and migration of the metal stent to the stomach(n=1).With an extrahepatic approach(EUS-CD,n=10),there was pneumoperitoneum(n=2),migration(n=2),and mild peritonitis (n=1).All patients were managed conservatively with antibiotics.During follow-up(range,1-12 mo),there was re-intervention(4/13 cases,30.7%)necessitated by stent migration(n=2)and stent occlusion(n=2). CONCLUSION:EUS-BD with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent may be a feasible and effective treatment option in patients with malignant biliary obstruction when ERCP fails.

Self-expanding metallic stents drainage for acute proximal colon obstruction

AIM: To clarify the usefulness of the self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) in the management of acute proximal colon obstruction due to colon carcinoma before curative surgery.METHODS: Eighty-one colon (proximal to spleen flex) carcinoma patients (47 males and 34 females,aged 18-94 years,mean = 66.2 years) treated between September 2004 and June 2010 for acute colon obstruction were enrolled to this study,and their clinical and radiological features were reviewed.After a cleaning enema was administered,urgent colonoscopy was performed.Subsequently,endoscopic decompression using SEMS placement was attempted.RESULTS: Endoscopic decompression using SEMS placement was technically successful in 78 (96.3%) of 81 patients.Three patients’ symptoms could not be relieved after SEMS placement and emergent operation was performed 1 d later.The site of obstruction was transverse colon in 18 patients,the hepatic flex in 42,and the ascending colon in 21.Following adequate cleansing of the colon,patients’ abdominal girth was decreased from 88 ± 3 cm before drainage to 72 ± 6 cm 7 d later,and one-stage surgery after 8 ± 1 d (range,7-10 d) was performed.No anastomotic leakage or postoperative stenosis occurred after operation.CONCLUSION: SEMS placement is effective and safe in the management of acute proximal colon obstruction due to colon carcinoma,and is considered as a bridged method before curative surgery.

Control over Surrounding Rocks Deformation of Soft Floor and Whole-Coal Gateways with Trapezoidal Supports

In Gengcun Colliery, Yima Coal Group Co. Ltd.the characteristics of the gateways of thick coal seam and the coal seam is with fully mechanized sublevel caving mining are that the thickness of roof coal seam of gateways is larger, their surrounding rocks are the whole-coal mass and the coal seam is prone to Spontaneous Combustion. With the natural equilibrium arch theory, the reasonable adjacent distance of No.11 mine-type metal supports was calculated in trapezoidal gateways based on these characteristics. Then, in-situ supporting experiments were carried out. The results indicate that under the action of virgin rock stress, the width of broken rocks zone of surrounding rocks is 1.7–2.0 m in return heading and 1.1–1.3 m in going headway. And their surrounding rocks belong to the Ⅳ-type soften rock and the Ⅲ-type common surrounding rock respectively. Therefore, under the movable abutment pressure, the gateways deformation is serious. It is suggested that the designed gateways have to use pre-broadened cross section to suit their deformation. At the same time, the accumulated water on gateway floor must be drained in time. These measures were taken in the 1302 and 1304 coal faces in Gengcun Colliery, and the satisfactory results have been obtained.

Clinical outcomes of self-expandable metal stents in palliation of malignant anastomotic strictures caused by recurrent gastric cancer

AIM： To examine the technical feasibility and clinical outcomes of the endoscopic insertion of a selfexpandable metal stent （SEMS） for the palliation of a malignant anastomotic stricture caused by recurrent gastric cancer. METHODS： The medical records of patients, who had obstructive symptoms caused by a malignant anastomotic stricture after gastric surgery and underwent endoscopic insertion of a SEMS from January 2001 to December 2007 at Kangnam St Mary＇s Hospital, were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS： Twenty patients （15 male, mean age 63 years） were included. The operations were a total gastrectomy with esophagojejunostomy （n = 12）, subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth-Ⅰ reconstruction （n = 2） and subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth- Ⅱ reconstruction （n = 8）. The technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 70%, respectively. A small bowel or colon stricture was the reason for a lack of improvement in symptoms in 4 patients. Two of these patients showed improvement in symptoms after another stent was placed. Stent reobstruction caused by tumor ingrowth or overgrowth occurred in 3 patients （15%） within 1 mo after stenting. Stent migration occurred with a covered stent in 3 patients who underwent a subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction. Two cases of partial stent migration were easily treated with a second stent or stent repositioning. The median stent patency was 56 d （range, 5-439 d）. The median survival was 83 d （range, 12-439 d）. CONCLUSION： Endoscopic insertion of a SEMS provides safe and effective palliation of a recurrent anastomotic stricture caused by gastric cancer, A meticulous evaluation of the presence of other strictures before inserting the stent is essential for symptom improvement.

Clinical benefit of radiation therapy and metallic stenting for unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma

AIM： To determine the efficacy of external beam radiotherapy （EBRT）, with or without intraluminal brachytherapy （ILBT）, in patients with non-resected locally advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma.METHODS： We analyzed 64 patients with locally advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma, including 25 who underwent resection （17 curative and 8 non-curative）, 28 treated with radiotherapy, and 11 who received best supportive care （BSC）. The radiotherapy group received EBRT （50 Gy, 30 fractions）, with 11 receiving an ad- ditional 24 Gy （4 fractions） ILBT by iridium-192 with remote after loading. ILBT was performed using percu-taneous transhepatic biliary drainage （PTBD） route. Uncovered metallic stents （UMS） were inserted into nonresected patients with obstructive jaundice, with the exception of four patients who received percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage only. UMS were placed endoscopically or percutaneously, depending on the initial drainage procedure. The primary endpoints were patient death or stent occlusion. Survival time of patients in the radiotherapy group was compared with that of patients in the resection and BSC groups. Stent patency was compared in the radiotherapy and BSC groups.RESULTS： No statistically significant differences in patient characteristics were found among the resection, radiotherapy, and BSC groups. Three patients in the radiotherapy group and one in the BSC group did not receive UMS insertion but received PTBD alone; cholangitis occurred after endoscopic stenting, and patients were treated with PTBD. A total of 16 patients were administered additional systemic chemotherapy （5-fluorouracil-based regimen in 9, S-1 in 6, and gemcitabine in 1）. Overall survival varied significantly among groups, with median survival times of 48.7 mo in the surgery group, 22.1 mo in the radiotherapy group, and 5.7 mo in the BSC group. Patients who underwent curative resection survived significantly longer than those who were not candidates for surgery （P = 0.0076）. Cumulative survival in the radiotherapy group was significantly longer than in the BSC group （P = 0.0031）, but did not differ significantly from those in the non-resection group. Furthermore, the median survival time of patients in the radiotherapy group who were considered for possible resection （excluding the seven patients who were not candidates for surgery due to comorbid disease or age） was 25.9 mo. Stent patency was evaluated only in the 24 patients who received a metallic stent. Stent patency was significantly longer in the radiotherapy than in the BSC group （P = 0.0165）. Biliary drainage was not eliminated in any patient. To determine the efficacy of ILBT, we compared

Treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction with endoscopically placed self-expandable metal stents

Malignant gastroduodenal obstruction can occur in up to 20%of patients with primary pancreatic,gastric or duodenal carcinomas.Presenting symptoms include nausea,vomiting,abdominal distention,pain and decreased oral intake which can lead to dehydration, malnutrition,and poor quality of life.Endoscopic stent placement has become the primary therapeutic modality because it is safe,minimally invasive,and a cost-effective option for palliation.Stents can be successfully deployed in the majority of patients. Stent placement appears to lead to a shorter time to symptomatic improvement,shorter time to resumption of an oral diet,and shorter hospital stays as compared with surgical options.Recurrence of the obstructive symptoms resulting from stent occlusion,due to tumor ingrowth or overgrowth,can be successfully treated with repeat endoscopic stent placement in the majority of the cases.Both endoscopic stenting and surgical bypass are considered palliative treatments and,to date,no improvement in survival with either modality has been demonstrated.A tailored therapeutic approach,taking into consideration patient preferences and involving a multidisciplinary team including the therapeutic endoscopist,surgeon,medical oncologist, radiation therapist,and interventional radiologist, should be considered in all cases.

Comparison of different intervention procedures in benign stricture of gastrointestinal tract

AIM:To determine the most effective intervention procedure by evaluation of mid and long-term therapeutic efficacy in patients of stricture of the gastrointestinal tract (GTT). METHODS:Different intervention procedures were used to treat benign stricture of GIT in 180 patients including pneumatic dilation (group A,n=80),permanent (group B, n=25) and temporary (group C,n=75) placement of expandable metallic stents. RESULTS:The diameters of the strictured GIT were significantly greater after the treatment of all procedures employed (P<0.01).For the 80 patients in group A,160 dilations were performed (mean,2.0 times per patient). Complications in group A included chest pain (n=20),reflux (n=16),and bleeding (n=6).Dysphagia relapse occurred in 24(30%) and 48 (60%) patients respectively during 6-and- 12 momth follow-up periods in group A.In group B,25 uncovered or partially covered or antireflux covered expandable metallic stents were placed permantly, complications included chest pain (n=10),reflux (n=15), bleeding (n=3),and stent migration (n=4),and dysphagia relapse occurred in 5 (20%) and 3 patients (25%) during the 6-and-12 month follow-up periods,respectively.In group C,the partially covered expandable metallic stents were temporarily placed in 75 patients and removed after 3 to 7 days via gastroscope,complications including chest pain (n=30),reflux (n=9),and bleeding (n=12),and dysphagia relapse occurred in 9 (12%) and 8 patients (16%) during the 6-and-12 month follow-up periods,respectively.The placement and withdrawal of stents were all successfully performed.The follow-up of all patients lasted for 6 to 96 months (mean 45.3±18.6 months). CONCLUSION:The effective procedures for benign GIT stricture are pneumatic dilation and temporary placement of partially-covered expandable metallic stents.Temporary placement of partially-covered expandable metallic stents is one of the best methods for benign GIT strictures in mid and long-term therapeutic efficacy.

Relationship between Crohn’s disease, infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and SLC11A1 gene polymorphisms in Sardinian patients

AIM： To study the association between Crohn＇s disease （CD）, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercuolsis （MAP）, and genetic factors by examining the role of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 （NRAMP1） gene polymorphisms （now SLCllA1） in Sardinian patients with CD and controls. METHODS： Thirty-seven CD patients and 34 controls with no inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） were recruited at the University of Sassari after giving written consent. Six SCL11A1 polymorphisms previously reported to be the most significantly associated with IBD were searched. M, pafatubefculosis was identified by IS900 PCR and sequencing. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios （OR） for the associations among CD, presence of MAP, and 6 loci described above.＇ RESULTS： For the first time, a strong association was observed between polymorphisms at NRAMP1 locus 823C/T and CD. While CD was strongly associated with both NRAMP1 and MAP, NRAMP1 polymorphisms and MAP themselves were not correlated. CONCLUSION： Combined with previous work on the NOD2/CARD15 gene, it is clear that the interplay of genetic, infectious, and immunologic factors in the etiology of CD is complex.

Colonic stenting vs emergent surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction:A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM:To investigate the effects of emergent preopera-tive self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) vs emer-gent surgery for acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction. METHODS:Two investigators independently searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, as well as references of included studies to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared two or more surgical approaches for acute colonic obstruction. Summary risk ratios (RR) and 95% CI for colonic stenting and emergent surgery were calculated. RESULTS:Eight studies met the selection criteria, involving 444 patients, of whom 219 underwent SEMS and 225 underwent emergent surgery. Seven studies reported difference of the one-stage stoma rates between the two groups (RR, 0.60; 95% CI:0.48-0.76; P < 0.0001). Only three RCTs described the follow-up stoma rates, which showed no significant difference between the two groups (RR, 0.80; 95% CI:0.59-1.08; P = 0.14). Difference was not significant in the mortality between the two groups (RR, 0.91; 95% CI:0.50-1.66; P = 0.77), but there was significant difference (RR, 0.57; 95% CI:0.44-0.74; P < 0.0001) in the overall morbidity. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the anastomotic leak rate (RR, 0.60; 95% CI: 0.28-1.28; P = 0.19), occurrence of abscesses, including peristomal abscess, intraperitoneal abscess and parietal abscess (RR, 0.83; 95% CI:0.36-1.95; P = 0.68), and other abdominal complications (RR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.40-1.12; P = 0.13). CONCLUSION:SEMS is not obviously more advantageous than emergent surgery for patients with acute left-sided malignant colonic obstruction.

Double layered self-expanding metal stents for malignant esophageal obstruction, especially across the gastroesophageal junction

AIM: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of double-layered self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) for treatment of malignant esophageal obstruction according to whether SEMS crosses the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ). METHODS: Forty eight patients who underwent the SEMS insertion for malignant esophageal obstruction were enrolled. Patients were classified as GEJ group (SEMS across GEJ, 18 patients) and non-GEJ group (SEMS above GEJ, 30 patients) according to SEMS position. Double layered (outer uncovered and inner covered stent) esophageal stents were placed. RESULTS: The SEMS insertion and the clinical improvement were achieved in all patients in both groups. Stent malfunction occurred in seven patients in the GEJ group and nine patients in the non-GEJ group. Tumor overgrowth occurred in five and eight patients, respectively, food impaction occurred in one patient in each group, and stent migration occurred in one and no patient, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups. Reflux esophagitis occurred more frequently in the GEJ group (eight vs five patients, P = 0.036) and was controlled by proton pump inhibitor. Aspiration pneumonia occurred in zero and five patients, respectively, and tracheoesophageal fistula occurred in zero and two patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Double-layered SEMS are a feasible and effective treatment when placed across the GEJ for malignant esophageal obstruction. Double-layered SEMS provide acceptable complications, especially migration, although reflux esophagitis is more common in the GEJ group.