让住房保障惠及城市中等收入层

进入新世纪以来,城市房价出现加速上涨的态势。现在的问题是,买不起房或为高房价所累不仅仅是低收入群体的最大困难,也是相当比例中等收入者或中间收入层面临的突出问题。没有政府的必要与适当干预,以当下的情形,不少中等收入者主要依靠自身的努力也是难以解决住房问题的。扩大城市住房保障的覆盖面,使住房保障惠及部分中等收入层,是值得政府认真考虑的政策选项之一。

不同收入层农户的借贷需求分析——基于湖南益阳市岳家桥镇农户的调查

如何满足农户的借贷需求,是解决"三农"问题中较为核心的环节。本文基于2009年对湖南省益阳市岳家桥镇调查的数据,分析与探讨了不同收入层农户借贷需求特征、借贷资金用途的运用情况以及农户融资过程中存在的问题。统计分析显示:低收入层农户对资金需求量不大,基本不需要信贷支持;中收入层在自有资金不能完全满足需要时,需借贷资金;高收入层农户普遍存在资金缺口,却难从正规金融获得满足。另外,本文认为让农户感到资金压力的直接因素不是来自于农业生产,而是家庭遇到的大型消费开支。农户在融资过程中贷款满足率不高,金融服务主体与农户需求之间缺乏有效对接的渠道和产品。最后,文章从制度和信贷机制安排入手,提出了满足不同收入层农户借贷资金需求的几点政策建议。

不同收入层的消费特点分析

不同收人层的消费需求对收入的变动有不同的反应,了解不同收入层的消费特点,有利于采取不同的策略来开发消费需求,从而达到事半功倍的效果。本文以重庆市城镇居民为例,分析不同收入层居民家庭的消费特点,并提出了相应的策略用于开发不同收入层消费需求。

遏制高收入层偷逃税的对策

目前我国个人所得税流失严重,高收入层偷逃税现象已引起社会的广泛关注。分析了高收入层偷逃税的原因,提出了应采取加强税收征管、纳税与福利挂钩以及健全涉及个人收入的激励约束机制等措施来遏制高收入层偷逃税现象的发生。

中国贫富差距加剧

当前中国的收入阶层分布呈金字塔型,一半以上人口年平均收入在2000元以下。中国正在努力减少最低收入阶层,扩大中间收入层,稳定高收入人群。据财政部科研所发布的一份报告显示,中国居民收入分配差距、贫富分化都在不断加剧和扩大。主要表现在以下六方面:

Evaluation of Embodied Energy and Construction Costs for the Design of Low-Rise Apartments for Low-Income Residents in Surabaya, Indonesia

Low-rise apartments for low-income residents have been built in Surabaya in recent years. They have four stories and many rooms, and the dwellers are all small traders. Because these projects are built with funds from the government, the buildings are designed to consider the cost of construction, without consideration of embodied energy material. As a result, the buildings are not optimal in terms of embodied energy and construction cost. At present, because there are both concerns over global warning and a worldwide energy crisis, the embodied energy in a building is a very important concept for building design, because it can determine usage of energy in relation to natural sources, especially fossil fuels. This is part of the sustainable design concept. This paper describes research regarding： differences in embodied energy and construction cost between different wall materials, including brick, corn block and lightweight concrete in low rise apartments; the optimal relationship between embodied energy and building cost; and which factors determine these differences. The findings of this research show that lightweight concrete is the best material for the building walls; apartments for low-income in Surabaya still do not represent optimal construction design; and that sustainable buildings are cheaper than those that do not use this concept.

Philosophy and Economic Injustice in Nigeria

In philosophy, justice is a big and yet flexible concept. Thrasymacus sees it as the interest of the stronger party; while the Institute for Creation Research sees it as being legal and ethical, restorative and penal with regards to human rights. Political, legal, religious, social etc., are forms of justice but in this work, the authors are concerned with economic justice. First, the authors say that the Nigerian society is in disorder as a result of entrenched economic injustice partly inspired by its multi-ethnicity and multi-religiousity. The authors therefore, investigate what constitutes economic justice in a nation like Nigeria： Is it equitable distribution of national wealth to individuals, groups, and regions？ Or, is it the distribution of national wealth proportionate to the contributions of individuals, groups, and regions to the national treasury, or still the distribution of national wealth according to political power blocs which fall within regional and ethnic lines？ The aim of this paper is to establish that no matter which definition one adopts, there have been some regions in Nigeria namely Niger Delta or the South-South and southeast regions which account for over 80% of national income in oil revenue but which continue to experience sustained economic injustice in the distribution of national wealth, federal projects, basic amenities etc., since the end of the civil war in 1970. In the societal strata, the wage earners are at the receiving end of government＇s unjust taxation system which enables the high net-worth individuals to pay less and most times evade taxation on their stupendous income. In another scenario, poor citizens are unjustly treated in the sharing of national wealth when compared with the wealthy class for example; they live in areas lacking in basic amenities; they are deprived access to loans to finance their businesses, agricultural project, and other crafts by the premium placed on collateral policies. We therefore conclude that the Nigerian society is lopsided as a result of massive economic injustices in Nigeria at the individual, group, and regional levels. In sum, the authors revisit philosophy＇s role at addressing such societal disorder orchestrated by various economic injustices perpetrated in Nigeria.

Experimental study of enhancing coalbed methane recovery by carbon dioxide injection driving methane

In order to enhance coalbed methane recovery, taking a self-developed largecalesimulation system for the platform, a modeling experiment of driving CH_4 by CO_2 gasinjection was studied.The results of experiment indicates that there is a significant lag effectof adsorption and desorption on gas, the gas pressure is changed more rapidly in theprocess of carbon dioxide adsorption of coal than methane adsorption of coal; After theinjection of carbon dioxide, compare with methane single desorption.In an early stage,speed and amount of methane single desorption are greater than the speed and amountof displacement desorption, the speed and amount of displacement desorption becamegreater.In the process of replacement, CH_4 concentration constantly declined, while CO_2concentration constantly rose.In the process of CO_2 gas injection, the temperature of coalhave been significantly increased, it is more beneficial to make CH_4 gas molecules becomefree from the adsorbed state when temperature is increased.Under the pressurestep-down at the same rate, using the method of CO_2 driving CH_4, compared with themethod of conventional pressure step-down, the desorption rate of CH_4 in coal can beraised about 2.13 times, at the same time, a lot of greenhouse gas CO_2 will also be buriedin the ground, there is a very significant environmental benefit.

The Micro-level Distributional Effects of Horticultural Export Value Chains Among Smallholders in Southern Ghana

Increasing foreign exchange problems and deteriorating prices of traditional exports have led policy makers and donor agencies to seek diversification in export crop production. In Ghana, crops such as pineapples and mangoes appear promising because of their high labour intensity and expanding demand for fruits in Europe. Notwithstanding, there is a possible trade-off between export and food crop production because of the possibility of resource re-allocation. So far the major concern of government has been the growth in export earnings while the micro-level distributional effects remain under-investigated. The study focused on a household survey undertaken in the forest and coastal-savannah transition zones, where the farming system has undergone transition from an established food-crop farming for urban markets to an intensive production of horticultural products for export. Logistic regression and Gini coefficient approaches were used to estimate the determinants of household food availability and income distribution respectively. Though, households engaged in export horticulture appear better-off than those that do not, the sole adoption of either staple or export crop is not sufficient for improving food availability. Consequently, linkages which allow simultaneous and reliably access to equitable distribution of resources and services are critical for household survival in competitive global food markets

The Influence of Displacement to the Success of Sustainable Multi-Storey Housing Development for Low-Income Society in Urban Area： Case Study- Multi-Storey Housing in Jakarta

Multi-storey housing for low income society is a concept of redevelopment from many alternatives of housing development for slum in Jakarta. However, redevelopment directly or indirectly leads to displacement of low-income residents. The new residents would be of a higher socio-economic status than the previous occupants. For controlling this phenomenon, a study about the influence of displacement to the successful of sustainable multi-storey housing development for low-income society has been done with descriptive method, observation and literature study. The result of this study give knowledge that displacement always happened when the quality of building and environment is increase, the location of multi-storey housing is near city center and commercial area. Low income society voluntary displaced their units to middle or high income society, because they are not affordable for paying operational and maintenance costs. The government has to make regulations for controlling displacement on multi-storey housing for low-income society and for the successful of sustainable multi-storey housing development in urban area.

Problems of Personal Income Tax System and Suggestions： from Function of Tax Adjustment Income Gap

China has a late start in personal income tax, and for many years through six times of revision, it still fails to really achieve the purpose of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor and adjusting income distribution. What follows is an analysis of personal adjustment tax income from the proportion of Gini coefficient, Engels coefficient and salaried class of personal income tax, and an explanation of problems and countermeasures of salaried class expense deduction standard, tax rate design, high-income crowd tax regulation.

Debates on the Tiered Electricity Pricing Mechanism in China

Based on the Ramsey theory-the foundation for the tiered electricity pricing mechanism, this article analyzes the effects of the tiered electricity pricing system on social justice, eff iciency and commodity prices, and concludes that the system would direct subsidies to flow into low income groups, and promote energy conservation and emissions reduction by restricting over-consumption of high income groups, without enormous effect on commodity prices. The key to designing the tiered system is how to estimate the amount of electricity use for each tier, so as to avoid excluding low income groups from the subsidy or including high income groups in the subsidy.

Labor Market Segmentation, Job Mobility and the Two-track Model of Chinese Urban Workers＇ Acquisition of Economic Status

Using data from the ＂Survey of Social Networks and Occupational Experience in Chinese Cities in 2009＂ on five cities （Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xiamen, Jinan and Xi＇an）, this paper examines factors influencing Chinese urban workers＇ patterns of job mobility and acquisition of economic status in the post-reform era. The results show that workers with high educational levels and those with low educational levels occupy different segments of the labor market and have completely different paths to economic status acquisition. In the case of workers with a low educational level, job mobility is the most Jmpo^ant factor boosting income levels, while human capital variables （years of schooling and work experience） have no effect on income. By contrast, job mobility has no effect on the income of workers with a high educational level, whose income stratification Js most affected by their human capital. This research reveals the two-track model of urban workers＇ acquisition of economic status in different urban labor markets in transitional China.

Subjective Social Status,Income Inequality and Subjective Perceptions of Mobility(2003-2013)

Using a sample of over 90,000 urban and rura1 residents from the Chinese Social Survey(CSS)and China Genera1 Social Survey(CGSS)from 2003 to 2013,we analyzed the structural features and influencing factors underlying subjective social status in China.Our findings indicate that over these years,such identification has consistently assumed the shape of a bowling pin:those who“identify with a low social status”account for more than half of respondents,a much higher proportion than in most countries.At the individual level,the net effect on subjective social status of such objective indicators as education,income and occupation has been relatively small,and lessened over the ten years.The correlation between subjective perceptions of mobility and subjective social status is quite strong,but the upward impetus provided by perceptions of upward mobility weakened over the period.At the macro-level,the tempo of economic growth failed to raise the level of class identification,and income inequality had a markedly negative effect.Our research findings further demonstrate that curbing the income gap and increasing opportunities for mobility are important for raising the level of class identification during the transition period.