清罐含油污泥热洗收油技术研究

本文针对目前油田含油污泥热洗收油效率普遍低的现象进行研究,分析了含油污泥在热洗过程中提高收油率和降低残渣含油率的主要影响因素,主要为泥水比、体系pH、热洗温度、加药浓度、加热搅拌时间、搅拌速度、离心转速和离心时间。确定了最佳处理条件:泥水比为1:2,体系pH为8,热洗温度为60℃,破乳剂加量为0.06%,清洗剂加量为0.04%,絮凝剂加量为120 mg/L,搅拌时间1 h,搅拌速度160 r/min,离心机转速2400 r/min,离心时间5 min。通过以上运行条件,最终油回收率为95%以上,残渣含油率降低至5%以下,油中含水率低于0.5%,水中含油低于100 mg/L,使含油污泥真正达到了减量化的目的。

渤海油田含油污泥处理效果的改进

以渤海油田含油污泥为研究对象,采用调质机械处理技术,开发渤海2#分离剂.针对渤海1#分离剂处理油泥的不足,实验选用两种脱水剂和两种脱泥剂进行优化复配.考察复配分离剂中各单剂不同加入量对回收油的水含率、固含率,以及原油回收率的影响.实验结果表明,最佳复配配方是:在60 g分离剂溶液中,脱水剂1#用量为6 g,脱泥剂1#用量为0.6 g,脱泥剂2#用量为6 g,脱水剂2#用量为0.5 g.在最优条件下,回收油水含率为15.74%,回收油油含率为83.52%,回收油固含率为0.74%,原油回收率为95.05%.

Quantitative Description of the Effects of Sweep Efficiency and Displacement Efficiency during Chemical Flooding on a Heterogeneous Reservoir

The processes of flooding—water flooding, polymer flooding and ternary combination flooding—were simulated respectively on a 2-D positive rhythm profile geological model by using the ASP numerical modeling software developed by RIPED (Yuan, et al. 1995). The recovery coefficient, remaining oil saturation, sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency were calculated and correlated layer by layer. The results show that the sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency work different effects on different layers in the severely heterogeneous reservoir. The study shows that the displacement efficiency and sweep efficiency play different roles in different layers for severely heterogeneous reservoirs. The displacement efficiency contributes mainly to the high permeability zones, the sweep efficiency to the low permeability zones, both of which contribute to the middle permeable zones. To improve the sweep efficiency in the low permeability zones is of significance for enhancing the whole recovery of the reservoir. It is an important path for improving the effectiveness of chemical flooding in the severely heterogeneous reservoirs to inject ternary combination slug after profile control.

Research on the Jilin Oilfield Field Trials of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

This paper describes the experience of Jilin oilfield trials for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR). A new technique to identify microbes with DNA for MEOR has been established, and useful microbes selected for use in field trials. Behaviors of bacteria activated in the reservoir, oil recovery and water cut, and the viscosity of crude oil produced through huff & puff testing and flooding with molasses-injection tests, have been investigated in situ. CJF-002, which produces biopolysaccharide, is the best among the microbes used for field trials, as it can use molasses as nutrient and produce a small quantity of CO2 and a mass of water-insoluble biopolymer. The metabolic behavior in the reservoir showed that CJF-002 had a good potentiality for MEOR.

Test of the Relative Permeability Curve of a Gas and Oil Condensate System and its Effect on the Recovery of Oil and Gas

The relative permeability curve has been measured with simulation oil (refined oil) and gas (nitrogen or air) at room temperature and a lowpressure, both of which are very important parameters for depicting the flow of fluid through porous media in a hydrocarbon reservoir. This basic measurement is often applied in exploitation evaluation, but the underground conditions with high temperature and pressure, and the phase equilibrium of oil and gas, are not taken into consideration when the relative permeability curve is tested. There is an important theoretical and practical sense in testing the diphase relative permeability curve of the equilibrium of oil and gas under the conditions of high temperature and pressure. The test method for the relative permeability curve is proposed in this paper. The relative permeability of the equilibrium of oil and gas and the standard one are tested in two fluids, and the differences between these two methods are stated. The research results can be applied to the simulation and prediction of CVD in long cores and then the phenomenon can better explain that the recovery of condensate gas rich in condensate oil is higher than that of CVD test in PVT. Meanwhile, the research shows that the relative permeability curve of equilibrium oil and gas is sensitive to the rate of exploitation, and the viewpoint proves that an improved gas recovery rate can properly increase the recovery of condensate oil.

石化油泥与油页岩粉压球干馏的研究

石化油泥是石油开采过程中产生的含油泥状物,实现石化油泥回收利用是行业的研究热点。将石化油泥与油页岩混合压球,并研究该油泥-页岩球样品干馏提取页岩油工艺技术。结果表明,油泥-页岩球样品成球率高,强度符合工业生产要求。经铝甑干馏和管式炉干馏,油泥-页岩球样品中的含油率分别为8.72 %和7.29 %,管式炉系统收油率为83.6 %。该干馏油品与抚顺页岩油的理化性质相近,因此,可将油泥-页岩球作为原料,直接用于抚顺干馏炉制页岩油,所得油品在经过过滤除去杂质后可以销售。值得注意的是,干馏废渣中重金属锌的含量较高,排放前需加以控制,并做好污水处理工作。

Feasibility study using simulation mode for offshore field SZ36-1

Field SZ36-1 is a water-flooded heavy oil reservoir with high porosity and unconsolidated sand. The recovery rate is low so that it becomes a challenge for production. Time-lapse seismic data is studied to improve the oil recovery for this field, This feasibility study analyzes the possible time-lapse seismic attribute spatial distribution using dynamic data and the reservoir model to determine the optimum time to acquire a new seismic survey. Based on the study, it is found that the time-lapse seismic response for this unconsolidated sand has a strong signature due to solution gas when the reservoir pressure is below the bubble point. This indicates that acquiring a new survey after 10 years of production is appropriate for a time-lapse seismic application.

The Characteristic Relationship Between Oil Uptake and Moisture Content during the High Temperature Immersion Frying of Thin Potato Crisps

Thin potato crisps (2mm) were fried at 170℃, 180℃ and 190℃ for varioustimes from 10s to 180s inclusive. It was found that definite oil uptake, moisture loss trends existduring the frying process. No significant difference in the oil uptake or moisture loss ratesbetween flat-cut and ridge-cut crisps exists. Also found in this study was that an increased oiltemperature promoted higher moisture loss rates. In turn, the higher moisture loss rates contributedto a higher oil uptake rate. It was found, based on the volumetric plots of oil content υs. watercontent, that the oil uptake rate was proportional to the moisture loss rate. As a result, it hasbeen shown that there is a possibility of having a characteristic curve of oil uptake againstmoisture content.

Dissolution Characteristics of Hydrophobically Associating Polyacrylamide in Stirred Tanks

Enhanced oil recovery(EOR)by means of polymer flooding is an important technology for the strategic development of offshore oilfields in China.Hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide(HAPAM)has been recently proposed as a new flooding agent.The solubility of HAPAM is low,which is the bottleneck for further improving the oil recovery through polymer flooding in offshore oilfield.Stirred tanks have been used on offshore platforms to enhance HAPAM dissolving.But there is little literature on the study of HAPAM dissolving characteristics in stirred tanks.In this paper,effects of temperature,salinity,stirring speed,impeller type and stirring method on the dissolution of HAPAM are reported.The experimental results manifest that the dissolving rate of HAPAM increases with temperature and stirring speed,but the viscosity of the polymer solution decreases.There is an optimal range of salinity for polymer dissolving.Combining the operation mode of up-pumping with varying stirring speed,hydrofoil impeller can accelerate the dissolution of HAPAM and maintain a high solution viscosity.

Improving oil recovery in the CO2 flooding process by utilizing nonpolar chemical modifiers

By means of experiments of C02 miscibility with crude oil, four nonpolar chemicals were evaluated in order to enhance the miscibility of C02 with crude oil. Through pre-slug injection and joint injection of toluene in CO2, crude oil displacement experiments in the slim-tube were conducted to investigate effects of the toluene- enhanced C02 flooding under simulated subterranean reservoir conditions. Experimental results showed that toluene can enhance extraction of oil into C02 and dissolution of C02 into oil with the increment of 251% and 64% respectively. Addition of toluene can obviously improve the oil recovery in either pre-slug injection or joint injection, and the crude oil recovery increased with the increase of the toluene concentration. The oil recov- ery can increase by 22.5% in pre-slug injection with the high toluene concentration. Pre-slug injection was recom- mended because it can consume less toluene than joint injection. This work could be useful to development and application of the CO） flooding in the oil recoverv as well as CO2 emission reduction.

Laboratory Research on Tahe AR Fluid Coking on Weak Acid Catalysts

Fluid coking on micro-spherical particles with acid sites on them could produce more light oils from Tahe AR.The conversion rate could increase by about 20% on the catalyst B compared to that obtained on the catalyst A and the light oil yield could increase by about 12%.The yield of gasoline and diesel was more than 50% from Tahe AR over the catalyst B.Tests on acidity of the catalyst B by pyridine FT-IR spectrometry showed that the total acid content and the ratio of weak acid number to total acid number were higher than other catalysts.

Carbon Sequestration through CO2 Foam-Enhanced Oil Recovery： A Green Chemistry Perspective

Enhanced oil recovery （EOR） via carbon dioxide （CO2） flooding has received a considerable amount of attention as an economically feasible method for carbon sequestration, with many recent studies focus- ing on developing enhanced CO2 foaming additives, However, the potential long-term environmental effects of these additives in the event of leakage are poorly understood and, given the amount of additives injected in a typical CO2 EOR operation, could he far-reaching, This paper presents a summary of recent developments in surfactant and surfactant/nanoparticle-hased CO2 foaming systems, with an emphasis on the possible environmental impacts of CO2 foam leakage, Most of the surfactants studied are unlikely to degrade under reservoir conditions, and their release can cause major negative impacts on wildlife, With recent advances in the use of additives （e,g,, nonionic surfactants, nanoparticles, and other chemicals） the use of harsh anionic surfactants may no longer he warranted, This paper discusses recent advances in producing foaming systems, and highlights possible strategies to develop environmentally friendly CO2 EOR methods,

Synthesis and Application of a Zeolite-containing Composite Material Made from Spent FCC Catalyst

Novel composite material with a wide pore distribution was synthesized by an in situ technique using spent FCC catalyst as raw material. The characterization results indicated that the composite material contained 56.7% of zeolite Y and exhibited a much larger specific surface area and pore volume as well as strong hydrothermal stability. Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) catalyst was prepared based on the composite material. The results indicated that the as-prepared catalyst possessed a unique pore structure that was advantageous to the diffusion-controlled reactions. In addition, the attrition resistance, activity and hydrothermal stability of the studied catalyst were superior to those of the reference catalyst. The catalyst also exhibited excellent nickel and vanadium passivation performance, strong bottoms upgrading selectivity, and better gasoline and coke selectivity. In comparison to the reference catalyst, the yields of the gasoline and light oil increased by 1.61 and 1.31 percentage points, respectively, and the coke yield decreased by 0.22 percentage points, and the olefin content in the produced gasoline reduced by 2.51 percentage points, with the research octane number increased by 0.7 unit.

Study of the Chemical Flooding Effect in Gao-63 Reservoir

This article is aimed to discuss the impact of using two different kinds of surfactant in enhancing oil recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs. With the background of Jidong oilfield, Rui Feng surfactant which could reach ultra-low interracial tension and combination surfactant RZ-JD80 with strong emulsifying property are chosen to do oil displacement and profile control-oil displacement experiment in homogeneous core and heterogeneous core respectively. The experiment is aimed to study the effect of oil displacement by injecting surfactant individually and the effect after injecting different profile control agent slug before surfactant flooding in heterogeneous cores. The results suggest that injecting Rui Feng surfactant and RZ-JD80 individually could enhance the oil displacement efficiency about 15 percentage points for homogeneous core. For strongly heterogeneous core, it is low efficiency by using either of these two surfactants individually. However, if injected a very little profile control agent slug before surfactant flooding, both of these two kinds of surfactant could enhance the oil recovery by different degree, especially, polymer microsphere plugging^RZ-JD80 flooding composite technology is more adaptable to Gao-63 reservoir. This technology could increase the recovery by 18.52 percentage points aRer surfactant flooding.

Thermo economic evaluation of oxy fuel combustion cycle in Kazeroon power plant considering enhanced oil recovery revenues

Oxy fuel combustion and conventional cycle(currently working cycle) in Kazeroon plant are modeled using commercial thermodynamic modeling software. Economic evaluation of the two models regarding the resources of transport and injection of carbon dioxide into oil fields at Gachsaran for enhanced oil recovery in the various oil price indices is conducted and indices net present value(NPV) and internal rate of return on investment(IRR) are calculated. The results of the two models reveal that gross efficiency of the oxy fuel cycle is more than reference cycle(62% compared to 49.03%), but the net efficiency is less(41.85% compared to 47.92%) because of the high-energy consumption of the components, particularly air separation unit(ASU) in the oxy fuel cycle. In this model, pure carbon dioxide with pressure of 20×105 Pa and purity of 96.84% was captured. NOX emissions also decrease by 4289.7 tons per year due to separation of nitrogen in ASU. In this model, none of the components of oxy fuel cycle is a major engineering challenge. With increasing oil price, economic justification of oxy fuel combustion model increases. With the price of oil at $ 80 per barrel in mind and $ 31 per ton fines for emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, IRR is the same for both models.

Remaining oil distribution in models with different heterogeneities after CO_(2) WAG injection:Visual research by nuclear magnetic resonance technique

Water alternating gas(WAG)injection is a widely used strategy for enhancing oil recovery(EOR)during gas flooding,and the mechanisms,operating parameters,and influencing factors of which have been extensively studied.However,with respect to its capacity in expanding macroscopic sweep volume under varying heterogeneities,the related results appear inadequate.In this research,three cores with different heterogeneities were used and flooded by the joint water and CO_(2) WAG,then the effects of heterogeneity on oil recovery were determined.More importantly,the cores after CO_(2) WAG injection were investigated using the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)technique for remaining oil distribution research,which could help us to understand the capacity of CO_(2) WAG in enlarging sweep volume at different heterogeneities.The results show that the presence of heterogeneity may largely weaken the effectiveness of water flooding,the more severe the heterogeneity,the worse the water flooding.The WAG injection of CO_(2) performs well in EOR after water flooding for all the cores with different heterogeneities;however,it could barely form a complete or full sweep throughout the low-permeability region,and un-swept bypassed regions remain.The homogeneous core is better developed by the injection of the joint water and CO_(2) WAG than the heterogeneous and fractured cases.

Utilization of CO2 Injection to Improve Oil Recovery of the Handsworth Bakken Formation

The Bakken formation has become a prominent oil resource for south-east Saskatchewan, especially with the advent of horizontal well technology and new hydraulic fracturing methods. As more wells are drilled, there is a desire to determine whether there is potential for improved oil recovery and to evaluate the economic feasibility. This paper evaluates the benefit of implementing waterflooding, CO2 injection or WAG （water-alternating-gas） recovery methods for improved oil recovery of the Bakken formation. A simulation model resembling the study area was built using CMG-GEM （computer modeling group-generalized equation of state model） reservoir simulation package and a history match of the primary recovery data available was performed. Based on the simulation results, it was concluded that waterflooding had a significant influence on the oil recovery factor, although COz provided the highest increase in crude oil recovery, The capital expenditure for surface facilities and cost of injected fluid was the most economically viable for implementation of waterflooding. The WAG injection simulation results were similar to CO2 injection, except that reservoir pressure was able to be better maintained. Given that high-quality source water is available, waterflooding is the most economically feasible choice according to the simulation results obtained from this study.

A Novel Process for Natural Gas Liquids Recovery from Oil Field Associated Gas with Liquefied Natural Gas Cryogenic Energy Utilization

A novel process to recovery natural gas liquids from oil field associated gas with liquefied natural gas (LNG)cryogenic energy utilization is proposed.Compared to the current electric refrigeration process,the proposed process uses the cryogenic energy of LNG and saves 62.6%of electricity.The proposed process recovers ethane, liquid petroleum gas(propane and butane)and heavier hydrocarbons,with total recovery rate of natural gas liquids up to 96.8%.In this paper,exergy analysis and the energy utilization diagram method(EUD)are used to assess the new process and identify the key operation units with large exergy loss.The results show that exergy efficiency of the new process is 44.3%.Compared to the electric refrigeration process,exergy efficiency of the new process is improved by 16%.The proposed process has been applied and implemented in a conceptual design scheme of the cryogenic energy utilization for a 300 million tons/yr LNG receiving terminal in a northern Chinese harbor.

The Application of CO2-EOR in Ultra-Low Permeability Reservoir

CO2 flooding is a process whereby carbon dioxide is injected into an oil reservoir in order to increase output when extracting oil. Since 1952, Wharton obtained the patent concern CO2 flooding, CO2-EOR （CO2 flooding enhance oil recovery） has been one of research hot-spot around the world. According to the statistical data of 2006, there are total of 94 global CO2-EOR projects, including 65 low permeability oilfield projects （79% of the total）. Daqing Oilfield is the largest one of China, after more than 50 years of continuous development, oilfield comprehensive water cut has reached over 90%, and the difficulty of oilfield development has been gradually increasing. In recent years, low and ultra-low permeability reservoirs development have played a more and more important role accompany with low permeability reserves in proportion of the total reserves have been increasing year by year. But water-flooding recovery of low permeability reservoir is very low under the influence of reservoir poor properties and heterogeneity. As a kind of greenhouse gas, CO2 flooding can obtain good results for the low permeability reservoir in which the water flooding has proven ineffective. CO2 flooding Pilot Test was conducted under such background since Dec. 2002, over 10 years of practice has proved that CO2 flooding is an effective method to improve the development effect of low permeability reservoir, all experience during the mechanism study and field test should present important references for further larger-scale CO2 flooding projects.

Study on Collecting Efficiency of Lube-oil Filtration Media

We made an experimental study and analysis on the relationships between filtration collecting efficiency and porosity, fiber diameter, and particles diameters for differential porosity media when fibrous media collecting lube-oil. The influencing extent of porosity, dust concentration, and velocity impacting on collecting efficiency were researched by orthogonal experimental test. The results showed that porosity had the best salience affection on collecting efficiency, and the affection of velocity and dust concentration was less. The main factors of impacting on collecting efficiency were porosity, fiber diameter, particles diameter, dust concentration, filtration time and filtration velocity. The correlation formula between collecting efficiency and porosity, aperture diameter, fiber diameter, particles diameter, the thickness of media, and filtration time was obtained. It can forecast the collecting efficiency of lube-oil filtration media and provide a guide for selecting suitable fibrous filtration media.