Chinese forest resources have become very scarce in the face of rapid economic growth demand, while the reform of collective forest right system is in full swing across the country. It will directly affect the regener...Chinese forest resources have become very scarce in the face of rapid economic growth demand, while the reform of collective forest right system is in full swing across the country. It will directly affect the regeneration level of forest resources and the diverse ecological value functions. In this article, the mainstream model paradigm of forest economics, that is, the basic framework of the Faustmann model and its evolution process are made in a more detailed explanation, especially the extended model including considered silvicultural effort, tax subsidies, risk dynamic management, and forest regeneration factors are made in more detailed explanations. This article concludes with the future further research directions of forest economics, including the design of dynamic models that includes considered uneven-aged forest management, non-timber goods and services, dynamic forest models. The research reflects the general trend of interdisciplinary and cross-border.展开更多
The demand environment has a great influence on innovations and the formation of the motive force of theinnovation. The demand causes the desire; the desire forms the motive force; the motive force inspires the innova...The demand environment has a great influence on innovations and the formation of the motive force of theinnovation. The demand causes the desire; the desire forms the motive force; the motive force inspires the innovative thinking;the innovative thinking becomes the innovative practice; and the innovative practice, finally, meets people’s demand.展开更多
Developing the catastrophic medical insurance for urban and rural residents positively is the key action to keep the new round of reform for medical system into deep. However this insurance is the ＇shortage＇ of the ...Developing the catastrophic medical insurance for urban and rural residents positively is the key action to keep the new round of reform for medical system into deep. However this insurance is the ＇shortage＇ of the national health system, so the Shanghai government carries out The Trial Measures for Catastrophic Medical Insurance of urban and rural residents in 2014. In this thesis, we will describe the current situation of the catastrophic medical insurance in Shanghai from aspects of financing, level of compensation, the way to undertake and regulatory. What＇s more, we expect to explore the weakness of catastrophic medical insurance in actual motion, and offer proposals for progressively realizing the integration of urban and rural in medical insurance, improving the basic health care directory, enhancing cooperation with commercial medical insurance.展开更多
On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-dep...On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.展开更多
Since reform and opening, China＇ s medical system reform has achieved remarkable success, but also brought a lot of problems, such as： hospitals are ill-defined in for-profit and nonprofit, the Office of the Ministr...Since reform and opening, China＇ s medical system reform has achieved remarkable success, but also brought a lot of problems, such as： hospitals are ill-defined in for-profit and nonprofit, the Office of the Ministry of Health hospitals and managed hospital are also ill- defined, solving our health care reform issue is urgent, the crux is the government and market positioning and how to build a service-oriented government, provide medical supplies, establish fair and equitable health care system which is the basic duty of government, are also urgent needs for building a socialist harmonious society.展开更多
The increasing growth of energy consumption and the limited fossil energy resources, as the main source of energy in Iran and other parts of the world, has persuaded the industrial societies to struggle more for suppl...The increasing growth of energy consumption and the limited fossil energy resources, as the main source of energy in Iran and other parts of the world, has persuaded the industrial societies to struggle more for supplying their needed energy at present and in future. More than 26% of energy in Iran is consumed by industry sector, in which cement section is an important subsectors highly depending on energy. Cement section is so dependent on energy, that more 15% of the related energy is consumed in this section, and its present conditions of energy consumption need a serious revision. Production management, changing the ingredients, finding alternative energy strategies, and importing modem technologies can result in reduction of energy consumption in this section. In this study, while investigating energy consumption of various machineries in the form of electricity and heat in a cement factory, the authors have studied the strategies for decreasing energy consumption in every stage of the production process. Recent studies in the field of cement industry are indicative of recent changes in production methods with priority of reducing energy consumption. Among these changes, we can refer to replacing wet method by dry method, or developing pre-heating center and pre-calcinators. In cement industry, nowadays, not only there is an emphasis on controlling the energy consumption for lower production costs, but as production of every 1 kg of cement gives out more than 0.7 kg CO2 and other pollution particles, environmental issues are also seriously considered. Therefore, if we use alternative fuels with less carbon in their structural formula, besides decreasing energy consumption and costs, there will be less pollutions in the environment as well.展开更多
In the rapid development of China＇s urbanization under the background of the implementation of the rural minimum living security system faces the problem of guaranteeing fund raising low object finds difficulties, la...In the rapid development of China＇s urbanization under the background of the implementation of the rural minimum living security system faces the problem of guaranteeing fund raising low object finds difficulties, lack of subsistence fund management and operation supervision, guaranteeing that the system failed to effectively implement the＂ Should ensure as far as possible to protect＂ problem. Increase the central budget for rural residents to fund investment, improve the rural minimum living security object discrimination and exit system, strengthen the system of subsistence allowances operation supervision, accelerate the pace of the construction of legal system of subsistence, countermeasures of rural reform policy.展开更多
Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide, and it is believed there would be positive correlation between the National Essential Medicines Policies(NEMPs) and the level of rational use of medicines(RUMs...Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide, and it is believed there would be positive correlation between the National Essential Medicines Policies(NEMPs) and the level of rational use of medicines(RUMs). Though there is some early evidence on the NEMPs’ effects on RUMs in China, the evidence is scarce, and conclusions vary. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of the NEMPs of China on the RUMs in the primary health care institutions(PHCs). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. A total of 201 PHCs from six provinces of China were selected, and 39 181 prescriptions were extracted from January to June, 2010. Six indicators were used and tested by independent-samples T test. We found that the average number of drugs per prescription in PHCs with NEMP implementation(the treatment group) was significantly higher than that of the group without NEMP implementation(the control group)(3.37 vs. 2.83, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the average cost per prescription(81.43 vs. 75.02). The percentage of prescriptions, including an antibiotic(53.40% vs. 36.48%, P<0.01) or an injection(40.54% vs. 27.94%, P<0.01), was higher in the treatment group, and the percentage of drugs prescribed by general name was significantly lower(83.71% vs. 93.11%, P<0.01). For the percentage of drugs prescribed from essential medicines list, the treatment group exhibited the higher ratio(76.12% vs. 53.45%, P<0.01). From this study, the NEMPs were not likely to have a positive impact on RUMs. China still needed efforts to improve the selection, the absence of physicians’ active involvement, and the patients’ habits of irrational medication use.展开更多
Biochar as a soil amendment is confronted with the challenge that it must benefit soil health as it can be by no means separated from soils once it is added. The available literature even though sparse and mostly base...Biochar as a soil amendment is confronted with the challenge that it must benefit soil health as it can be by no means separated from soils once it is added. The available literature even though sparse and mostly based on short-term studies has been encouraging and the trend obtained so far has raised many hopes. Biochar has been reported to positively impact an array of soil processes ranging from benefiting soil biology, controlling soil-borne pathogens, enhancing nitrogen fixation, improving soil physical and chemical properties,decreasing nitrate(NO-3) leaching and nitrous oxide(N2O) emission to remediation of contaminated soils. However, very little biochar is still utilized as soil amendment mainly because these benefits are yet to be quantified, and also the mechanisms by which the soil health is improved are poorly understood. Due to the infancy of research regarding this subject, there are still more questions than answers. The future research efforts must focus on carrying out long-term experiments and uncover the mechanisms underlying these processes so that key concerns surrounding the use of biochar are addressed before its large scale application is recommended.展开更多
Design-manufacturing chain （D-MC） is the most important link of the supply chain with the greatest possibility in cost reduction. How to strengthen the effective management of interracial relationship between design...Design-manufacturing chain （D-MC） is the most important link of the supply chain with the greatest possibility in cost reduction. How to strengthen the effective management of interracial relationship between designer and manufacturer and increase the efficency of interface management concerns the efficiency of the whole supply chain. In order to evaluate and improve the impacts of D-MC interfacial relationship, first we should construct the evaluation index system and then we should analyze the total cost and benefit of the interfacial relationship betterment, including the cost of member units in D-MC, the opportunity cost of cooperation partners, and the market returns resulted from the interfacial relationship improvement, which will advance the whole supply chain efficiency as well as enhance the management performance of D-MC.展开更多
基金funded by the Humanities and So-cial Sciences Youth Fund Program under Ministry of Education and the program name is "The research about risk avoidance behavior in the production process of Chinese farmers" (Grant no.09YJC790214)
文摘Chinese forest resources have become very scarce in the face of rapid economic growth demand, while the reform of collective forest right system is in full swing across the country. It will directly affect the regeneration level of forest resources and the diverse ecological value functions. In this article, the mainstream model paradigm of forest economics, that is, the basic framework of the Faustmann model and its evolution process are made in a more detailed explanation, especially the extended model including considered silvicultural effort, tax subsidies, risk dynamic management, and forest regeneration factors are made in more detailed explanations. This article concludes with the future further research directions of forest economics, including the design of dynamic models that includes considered uneven-aged forest management, non-timber goods and services, dynamic forest models. The research reflects the general trend of interdisciplinary and cross-border.
文摘The demand environment has a great influence on innovations and the formation of the motive force of theinnovation. The demand causes the desire; the desire forms the motive force; the motive force inspires the innovative thinking;the innovative thinking becomes the innovative practice; and the innovative practice, finally, meets people’s demand.
文摘Developing the catastrophic medical insurance for urban and rural residents positively is the key action to keep the new round of reform for medical system into deep. However this insurance is the ＇shortage＇ of the national health system, so the Shanghai government carries out The Trial Measures for Catastrophic Medical Insurance of urban and rural residents in 2014. In this thesis, we will describe the current situation of the catastrophic medical insurance in Shanghai from aspects of financing, level of compensation, the way to undertake and regulatory. What＇s more, we expect to explore the weakness of catastrophic medical insurance in actual motion, and offer proposals for progressively realizing the integration of urban and rural in medical insurance, improving the basic health care directory, enhancing cooperation with commercial medical insurance.
文摘On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.
文摘Since reform and opening, China＇ s medical system reform has achieved remarkable success, but also brought a lot of problems, such as： hospitals are ill-defined in for-profit and nonprofit, the Office of the Ministry of Health hospitals and managed hospital are also ill- defined, solving our health care reform issue is urgent, the crux is the government and market positioning and how to build a service-oriented government, provide medical supplies, establish fair and equitable health care system which is the basic duty of government, are also urgent needs for building a socialist harmonious society.
文摘The increasing growth of energy consumption and the limited fossil energy resources, as the main source of energy in Iran and other parts of the world, has persuaded the industrial societies to struggle more for supplying their needed energy at present and in future. More than 26% of energy in Iran is consumed by industry sector, in which cement section is an important subsectors highly depending on energy. Cement section is so dependent on energy, that more 15% of the related energy is consumed in this section, and its present conditions of energy consumption need a serious revision. Production management, changing the ingredients, finding alternative energy strategies, and importing modem technologies can result in reduction of energy consumption in this section. In this study, while investigating energy consumption of various machineries in the form of electricity and heat in a cement factory, the authors have studied the strategies for decreasing energy consumption in every stage of the production process. Recent studies in the field of cement industry are indicative of recent changes in production methods with priority of reducing energy consumption. Among these changes, we can refer to replacing wet method by dry method, or developing pre-heating center and pre-calcinators. In cement industry, nowadays, not only there is an emphasis on controlling the energy consumption for lower production costs, but as production of every 1 kg of cement gives out more than 0.7 kg CO2 and other pollution particles, environmental issues are also seriously considered. Therefore, if we use alternative fuels with less carbon in their structural formula, besides decreasing energy consumption and costs, there will be less pollutions in the environment as well.
文摘In the rapid development of China＇s urbanization under the background of the implementation of the rural minimum living security system faces the problem of guaranteeing fund raising low object finds difficulties, lack of subsistence fund management and operation supervision, guaranteeing that the system failed to effectively implement the＂ Should ensure as far as possible to protect＂ problem. Increase the central budget for rural residents to fund investment, improve the rural minimum living security object discrimination and exit system, strengthen the system of subsistence allowances operation supervision, accelerate the pace of the construction of legal system of subsistence, countermeasures of rural reform policy.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71303011,71774005)
文摘Irrational use of medicines is a major problem worldwide, and it is believed there would be positive correlation between the National Essential Medicines Policies(NEMPs) and the level of rational use of medicines(RUMs). Though there is some early evidence on the NEMPs’ effects on RUMs in China, the evidence is scarce, and conclusions vary. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impacts of the NEMPs of China on the RUMs in the primary health care institutions(PHCs). A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2010. A total of 201 PHCs from six provinces of China were selected, and 39 181 prescriptions were extracted from January to June, 2010. Six indicators were used and tested by independent-samples T test. We found that the average number of drugs per prescription in PHCs with NEMP implementation(the treatment group) was significantly higher than that of the group without NEMP implementation(the control group)(3.37 vs. 2.83, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the average cost per prescription(81.43 vs. 75.02). The percentage of prescriptions, including an antibiotic(53.40% vs. 36.48%, P<0.01) or an injection(40.54% vs. 27.94%, P<0.01), was higher in the treatment group, and the percentage of drugs prescribed by general name was significantly lower(83.71% vs. 93.11%, P<0.01). For the percentage of drugs prescribed from essential medicines list, the treatment group exhibited the higher ratio(76.12% vs. 53.45%, P<0.01). From this study, the NEMPs were not likely to have a positive impact on RUMs. China still needed efforts to improve the selection, the absence of physicians’ active involvement, and the patients’ habits of irrational medication use.
文摘Biochar as a soil amendment is confronted with the challenge that it must benefit soil health as it can be by no means separated from soils once it is added. The available literature even though sparse and mostly based on short-term studies has been encouraging and the trend obtained so far has raised many hopes. Biochar has been reported to positively impact an array of soil processes ranging from benefiting soil biology, controlling soil-borne pathogens, enhancing nitrogen fixation, improving soil physical and chemical properties,decreasing nitrate(NO-3) leaching and nitrous oxide(N2O) emission to remediation of contaminated soils. However, very little biochar is still utilized as soil amendment mainly because these benefits are yet to be quantified, and also the mechanisms by which the soil health is improved are poorly understood. Due to the infancy of research regarding this subject, there are still more questions than answers. The future research efforts must focus on carrying out long-term experiments and uncover the mechanisms underlying these processes so that key concerns surrounding the use of biochar are addressed before its large scale application is recommended.
基金the Chinese Public Service Platform for Science and Technology Management (No. 06DZ22924)the Economic Globalization and Innovation(No. 08692106700)
文摘Design-manufacturing chain （D-MC） is the most important link of the supply chain with the greatest possibility in cost reduction. How to strengthen the effective management of interracial relationship between designer and manufacturer and increase the efficency of interface management concerns the efficiency of the whole supply chain. In order to evaluate and improve the impacts of D-MC interfacial relationship, first we should construct the evaluation index system and then we should analyze the total cost and benefit of the interfacial relationship betterment, including the cost of member units in D-MC, the opportunity cost of cooperation partners, and the market returns resulted from the interfacial relationship improvement, which will advance the whole supply chain efficiency as well as enhance the management performance of D-MC.
