Different from other methodologies for the forecasting of China＇s economic growth rate, this paper forecast of future potential growth rates from the end of China＇s demographic dividends, and then identified it as a...Different from other methodologies for the forecasting of China＇s economic growth rate, this paper forecast of future potential growth rates from the end of China＇s demographic dividends, and then identified it as a growth target. Official promulgation of non-binding targets will guide social expectation, assist in government policy-making, boost confidence in consumers, and provide guidance for producers and investors. Based on our estimation results, we suggest that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, a GDP growth target between 6. 5% and 7% would be appropriate.展开更多
Reform dividends refer to the improvements in certain economic actors under the new, reformed institutional system as compared against the original system. Reform leads to greater economic growth potential by changing...Reform dividends refer to the improvements in certain economic actors under the new, reformed institutional system as compared against the original system. Reform leads to greater economic growth potential by changing the institutional environment, which in turn increases the vibrancy and innovation of economic actors. The most economically convenient system is also in actuality the most effective market economic system. Reform based on public and collective actions should be based on the following principle： if institutional reform is evolving towards the enhancement of economic convenience, then we can be sure that reform is embarking on the path of releasing dividends.展开更多
The synthesis of chiral polyaniline （PANI） induced by modified hemoglobin （Hb） was pro- foundly explored for the first time. Results revealed that after being separated, inactivated or immobilized, Hb can still in...The synthesis of chiral polyaniline （PANI） induced by modified hemoglobin （Hb） was pro- foundly explored for the first time. Results revealed that after being separated, inactivated or immobilized, Hb can still induce the formation of chiral PANI successfully, suggesting that Hb can be used as the chiral inducers regardless of harsh reaction conditions. By examining the properties of PANI induced by modified Hb, it was found that Hb（inactivated）-PANI possessed excellent chirality, stability, and crystalline structure. The globin separated from Hb was demonstrated to have the ability of inducing the production of chiral PANI whereas the hematin from Hb had no capacity to direct enantio specificity for the PANI chains. Results indicated that Hb（immobilized）-PANI exhibited poor yield, doping state, and crys- talline structure, indicating that the immobilization of Hb by entrapment was not beneficial to the polymerization reaction. Results also showed that the structure of Hb may have significant effects on the morphologies of chiral PANI.展开更多
In this study,an acid-induced assembly strategy for a rutile TiO2 photocatalyst was proposed on the basis of the treatment of lamellar protonated titanate with a concentrated HNO3 solution.Nitrate groups were successf...In this study,an acid-induced assembly strategy for a rutile TiO2 photocatalyst was proposed on the basis of the treatment of lamellar protonated titanate with a concentrated HNO3 solution.Nitrate groups were successfully grafted onto a TiO2 surface and induced the assembly of rutile TiO2 nanorods into uniform spindle-like nanobundles.The resulting TiO2 product achieved a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 402.4μmol h^?1,which is 3.1 times higher than that of Degussa P25-TiO2.It was demonstrated that nitrate group grafting caused the rutile TiO2 surface to become negatively charged,which is favorable for trapping positive protons and improving charge carrier separation,thereby enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen production.Additionally,surface charges were crucial to structural stability based on electrostatic repulsion.This study not only developed a facile surface modification strategy for fabricating efficient H2 production photocatalysts but also identified an influence mechanism of inorganic acids different from that reported in the literature.展开更多
A two-stage oxidation—alkali leaching—acid leaching method was proposed to recovery Fe,V,and Ti in modified Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.The optimal experiment conditions of iron extraction were one-stage oxidation...A two-stage oxidation—alkali leaching—acid leaching method was proposed to recovery Fe,V,and Ti in modified Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.The optimal experiment conditions of iron extraction were one-stage oxidation time 40 s and holding time 8 min.The recovery rate of iron was 89.93%.The optimum experiment conditions of vanadium extraction were total oxidation time of 126 s,NaOH concentration of 4.0 mol/L,leaching temperature of 95℃,leaching time of 90 min,and the number of cycle was 4.The leaching rate of vanadium was 92.13%.The optimal experiment conditions of titanium extraction were HCl concentration of 4.5 mol/L,leaching temperature of 75℃,and leaching time of 90 min.The TiO_(2)content of synthetic rutile was 98.61%.展开更多
Irradiated by infrared laser, the surface reducibility and adsorbability of Cu-Cr complex could be improved, owing to the interaction of photo-fragmentation and laser texturing. Analyzed by the binding energy spectra ...Irradiated by infrared laser, the surface reducibility and adsorbability of Cu-Cr complex could be improved, owing to the interaction of photo-fragmentation and laser texturing. Analyzed by the binding energy spectra and the auger spectra, the valence states of chromium ion and copper ion were+3 and+1 after radiation respectively, which still had the reducibility to release electrons. In contrast with the near-infrared(NIR)1 064 nm and mid-infrared(MIR) 10 600 nm laser at the same average output power of 15 W, the reduced metal percentage in the Cu-Cr complex was obviously distinguished at the depth from nanometer to micron. After chemical plating, the average coating thickness and mean-square deviation of the NIR sample were 11.61 μm and 0.30 for copper layer, and 2.69 μm and 0.08 for nickel layer. The results were much better than those of the MIR sample.展开更多
A novel chelating resin with sulfonic group was synthesized by chemical modification of D401 resin with sulphonation reaction and characterized by FT-IR spectrometry. The adsorption properties of the novel chelating r...A novel chelating resin with sulfonic group was synthesized by chemical modification of D401 resin with sulphonation reaction and characterized by FT-IR spectrometry. The adsorption properties of the novel chelating resin for Pb2+ were studied by batch adsorption, and the adsorption process was analyzed from thermodynamics and kinetics aspects. The adsorption mechanism of Pb2+ on the modified D401 chelating resin was discussed by FT-IR spectrometry. Experimental results show that in the Pb2+ concentration range of 200-400 mg/L, the adsorption capacities of the modified D401 chelating resin for Pb2+ increase by 77%-129%, and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model is more suitable for the equilibrium adsorption data. Adsorption is an endothermic process that runs spontaneously. Kinetic analysis shows that the adsorption rate is mainly governed by liquid film diffusion. The best pH value under adsorption condition is 4-5. The saturated resin can be regenerated by 3 mol/L nitric acid, and the adsorption capacity remains stable after five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. The maximal static saturated adsorption capacity of the resin is 206 mg/g at 333 K in the Pb2+ concentration range of 200-400 mg/L. The modified D401 chelating resin is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ from its single-metal ion solution.展开更多
The feasibility of reducing Cr(VI)from the aqueous solution by sulfuric acid-modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag(SATBBFS)as a photocatalyst was investigated.The photocatalysts were examined by X-ray diffracti...The feasibility of reducing Cr(VI)from the aqueous solution by sulfuric acid-modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag(SATBBFS)as a photocatalyst was investigated.The photocatalysts were examined by X-ray diffraction(XRD),UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra,thermogravimetric analysis(TG)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).The photocatalytic activities of the different catalysts were evaluated by the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)under UV-vis light irradiation.The results show that the photocatalytic activities of SATBBFS catalysts are strongly dependent on CaTiO3-to-TiO2 mass ratio,adsorption capacity and surface acidity,and SATBBFS calcined at 400°C shows a higher photocatalytic activity compared with other catalysts.展开更多
Parent coal tar pitch(CTP)was modified with boric acid(BA),cinnamaldehyde(CMA)and the mixture of BA and CMA,respectively.The parent CTP and three modified CTPs were characterized by elemental analysis,thermogravimetri...Parent coal tar pitch(CTP)was modified with boric acid(BA),cinnamaldehyde(CMA)and the mixture of BA and CMA,respectively.The parent CTP and three modified CTPs were characterized by elemental analysis,thermogravimetric analysis,Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The four samples were carbonized at different temperatures and resultant carbonized products were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and polarized-light microscopy.The results show that the morphologies and carbonization behaviors of the parent CTP and modified CTPs are quite different.The carbonization yield of the CTP modified with the mixture of BA and CMA is higher than that of CTP modified with BA or CMA only.In addition,the modification of CTP with 7 g of BA and 10 ml of CMA results in an increase in carbonization yield by5.64%.During the pyrolysis of modified CTPs,the dehydration of BA or the distillation of CMA occurs at the temperature lower than 300°C,and methyl and methylene groups of the modified CTPs disappear gradually as temperature rises.Furthermore,the modification of CTP by the mixture of BA and CMA results in more intensive mesophase spheres than other modified CTPs,and the modified CTP is easier to be carbonized to form graphitic carbon.展开更多
Crosslinking treatments for a commercially available aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membrane were carried out to improve its chlorine resistance.The crosslinking agents including 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether,ad...Crosslinking treatments for a commercially available aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membrane were carried out to improve its chlorine resistance.The crosslinking agents including 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether,adipoyl dichloride and hexamethylene diisocyanate ester with long flexible aliphatic chains and high reactivity with N-H groups were used in the experiments.Attenuated total reflective Fourier transform infrared spectra verified the successful preparation of highly crosslinked membranes by crosslinking treatments.It was suggested that the crosslinking agents were connected to membrane surface through the reactions with amine and amide Ⅱ groups,which is confirmed by surface charge measurements.Based on contact angle measurements,crosslinking treatments decreased membrane hydrophilicity by introducing methylene groups to membrane surface.With increasing amount of crosslinking agent molecules connected to membrane surface,the hydrolysis of unconnected functional groups of crosslinking agent produced polar groups and increased membrane hydrophilicity.The highly crosslinked membranes showed higher salt rejections and lower water fluxes as compared with the raw membrane.Since the active sites(N-H groups) vulnerable to free chlorine on membrane surface were eliminated by crosslinking treatments,the chlorine resistances of the highly crosslinked membranes were significantly improved by slighter changes in both water fluxes and salt rejections after chlorination.展开更多
The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on three soil amendments,red mud from Hungary, rd mud from UK and beringite from Belgium, wasstudied to determine the surface areas of the amendments using a0.005 mol L^-1 NaCl so...The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on three soil amendments,red mud from Hungary, rd mud from UK and beringite from Belgium, wasstudied to determine the surface areas of the amendments using a0.005 mol L^-1 NaCl solution and deionised water as backgroundsolutions. The surface areas determined by the methylene blue methodin the 0.005 mol L^-1 NaCl solution were 3.357, 2.340 and 5.576 m^2g^-1 for red mud (Hungary), red mud (UK) and beringite, respectively,slightly lower than those in the deionised water system.展开更多
文摘Different from other methodologies for the forecasting of China＇s economic growth rate, this paper forecast of future potential growth rates from the end of China＇s demographic dividends, and then identified it as a growth target. Official promulgation of non-binding targets will guide social expectation, assist in government policy-making, boost confidence in consumers, and provide guidance for producers and investors. Based on our estimation results, we suggest that during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, a GDP growth target between 6. 5% and 7% would be appropriate.
文摘Reform dividends refer to the improvements in certain economic actors under the new, reformed institutional system as compared against the original system. Reform leads to greater economic growth potential by changing the institutional environment, which in turn increases the vibrancy and innovation of economic actors. The most economically convenient system is also in actuality the most effective market economic system. Reform based on public and collective actions should be based on the following principle： if institutional reform is evolving towards the enhancement of economic convenience, then we can be sure that reform is embarking on the path of releasing dividends.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21303105)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars and State Education Ministry(No.ZX2012-05)
文摘The synthesis of chiral polyaniline （PANI） induced by modified hemoglobin （Hb） was pro- foundly explored for the first time. Results revealed that after being separated, inactivated or immobilized, Hb can still induce the formation of chiral PANI successfully, suggesting that Hb can be used as the chiral inducers regardless of harsh reaction conditions. By examining the properties of PANI induced by modified Hb, it was found that Hb（inactivated）-PANI possessed excellent chirality, stability, and crystalline structure. The globin separated from Hb was demonstrated to have the ability of inducing the production of chiral PANI whereas the hematin from Hb had no capacity to direct enantio specificity for the PANI chains. Results indicated that Hb（immobilized）-PANI exhibited poor yield, doping state, and crys- talline structure, indicating that the immobilization of Hb by entrapment was not beneficial to the polymerization reaction. Results also showed that the structure of Hb may have significant effects on the morphologies of chiral PANI.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21771070, 21571071)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2018KFYYXJJ120, 2019KFYRCPY104)~~
文摘In this study,an acid-induced assembly strategy for a rutile TiO2 photocatalyst was proposed on the basis of the treatment of lamellar protonated titanate with a concentrated HNO3 solution.Nitrate groups were successfully grafted onto a TiO2 surface and induced the assembly of rutile TiO2 nanorods into uniform spindle-like nanobundles.The resulting TiO2 product achieved a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 402.4μmol h^?1,which is 3.1 times higher than that of Degussa P25-TiO2.It was demonstrated that nitrate group grafting caused the rutile TiO2 surface to become negatively charged,which is favorable for trapping positive protons and improving charge carrier separation,thereby enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen production.Additionally,surface charges were crucial to structural stability based on electrostatic repulsion.This study not only developed a facile surface modification strategy for fabricating efficient H2 production photocatalysts but also identified an influence mechanism of inorganic acids different from that reported in the literature.
基金financial support from the National Science and Technology Support Program of China(No.2015BAB18B00)。
文摘A two-stage oxidation—alkali leaching—acid leaching method was proposed to recovery Fe,V,and Ti in modified Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.The optimal experiment conditions of iron extraction were one-stage oxidation time 40 s and holding time 8 min.The recovery rate of iron was 89.93%.The optimum experiment conditions of vanadium extraction were total oxidation time of 126 s,NaOH concentration of 4.0 mol/L,leaching temperature of 95℃,leaching time of 90 min,and the number of cycle was 4.The leaching rate of vanadium was 92.13%.The optimal experiment conditions of titanium extraction were HCl concentration of 4.5 mol/L,leaching temperature of 75℃,and leaching time of 90 min.The TiO_(2)content of synthetic rutile was 98.61%.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Program,No.2010CB327800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11004150)Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(No.20090460690)
文摘Irradiated by infrared laser, the surface reducibility and adsorbability of Cu-Cr complex could be improved, owing to the interaction of photo-fragmentation and laser texturing. Analyzed by the binding energy spectra and the auger spectra, the valence states of chromium ion and copper ion were+3 and+1 after radiation respectively, which still had the reducibility to release electrons. In contrast with the near-infrared(NIR)1 064 nm and mid-infrared(MIR) 10 600 nm laser at the same average output power of 15 W, the reduced metal percentage in the Cu-Cr complex was obviously distinguished at the depth from nanometer to micron. After chemical plating, the average coating thickness and mean-square deviation of the NIR sample were 11.61 μm and 0.30 for copper layer, and 2.69 μm and 0.08 for nickel layer. The results were much better than those of the MIR sample.
基金Project(708049) supported by the Important Item Cultivation Foundation of Scientific Innovation Project of Colleges and Universities of China
文摘A novel chelating resin with sulfonic group was synthesized by chemical modification of D401 resin with sulphonation reaction and characterized by FT-IR spectrometry. The adsorption properties of the novel chelating resin for Pb2+ were studied by batch adsorption, and the adsorption process was analyzed from thermodynamics and kinetics aspects. The adsorption mechanism of Pb2+ on the modified D401 chelating resin was discussed by FT-IR spectrometry. Experimental results show that in the Pb2+ concentration range of 200-400 mg/L, the adsorption capacities of the modified D401 chelating resin for Pb2+ increase by 77%-129%, and Langmuir isothermal adsorption model is more suitable for the equilibrium adsorption data. Adsorption is an endothermic process that runs spontaneously. Kinetic analysis shows that the adsorption rate is mainly governed by liquid film diffusion. The best pH value under adsorption condition is 4-5. The saturated resin can be regenerated by 3 mol/L nitric acid, and the adsorption capacity remains stable after five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. The maximal static saturated adsorption capacity of the resin is 206 mg/g at 333 K in the Pb2+ concentration range of 200-400 mg/L. The modified D401 chelating resin is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ from its single-metal ion solution.
基金Project(N090423003)supported by the Basic Scientific Research Costs of Central Colleges of ChinaProject(2007CB613504)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(307009)supported by the Foundation for Key Program of Ministry of Education,China
文摘The feasibility of reducing Cr(VI)from the aqueous solution by sulfuric acid-modified titanium-bearing blast furnace slag(SATBBFS)as a photocatalyst was investigated.The photocatalysts were examined by X-ray diffraction(XRD),UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra,thermogravimetric analysis(TG)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR).The photocatalytic activities of the different catalysts were evaluated by the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)under UV-vis light irradiation.The results show that the photocatalytic activities of SATBBFS catalysts are strongly dependent on CaTiO3-to-TiO2 mass ratio,adsorption capacity and surface acidity,and SATBBFS calcined at 400°C shows a higher photocatalytic activity compared with other catalysts.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province（2009GM6001-1） the Foundation for Fundamental Research of Northwestern Polytechnical University（JC201030）
文摘Parent coal tar pitch(CTP)was modified with boric acid(BA),cinnamaldehyde(CMA)and the mixture of BA and CMA,respectively.The parent CTP and three modified CTPs were characterized by elemental analysis,thermogravimetric analysis,Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The four samples were carbonized at different temperatures and resultant carbonized products were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and polarized-light microscopy.The results show that the morphologies and carbonization behaviors of the parent CTP and modified CTPs are quite different.The carbonization yield of the CTP modified with the mixture of BA and CMA is higher than that of CTP modified with BA or CMA only.In addition,the modification of CTP with 7 g of BA and 10 ml of CMA results in an increase in carbonization yield by5.64%.During the pyrolysis of modified CTPs,the dehydration of BA or the distillation of CMA occurs at the temperature lower than 300°C,and methyl and methylene groups of the modified CTPs disappear gradually as temperature rises.Furthermore,the modification of CTP by the mixture of BA and CMA results in more intensive mesophase spheres than other modified CTPs,and the modified CTP is easier to be carbonized to form graphitic carbon.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （20676095）the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities （B06006）
文摘Crosslinking treatments for a commercially available aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membrane were carried out to improve its chlorine resistance.The crosslinking agents including 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether,adipoyl dichloride and hexamethylene diisocyanate ester with long flexible aliphatic chains and high reactivity with N-H groups were used in the experiments.Attenuated total reflective Fourier transform infrared spectra verified the successful preparation of highly crosslinked membranes by crosslinking treatments.It was suggested that the crosslinking agents were connected to membrane surface through the reactions with amine and amide Ⅱ groups,which is confirmed by surface charge measurements.Based on contact angle measurements,crosslinking treatments decreased membrane hydrophilicity by introducing methylene groups to membrane surface.With increasing amount of crosslinking agent molecules connected to membrane surface,the hydrolysis of unconnected functional groups of crosslinking agent produced polar groups and increased membrane hydrophilicity.The highly crosslinked membranes showed higher salt rejections and lower water fluxes as compared with the raw membrane.Since the active sites(N-H groups) vulnerable to free chlorine on membrane surface were eliminated by crosslinking treatments,the chlorine resistances of the highly crosslinked membranes were significantly improved by slighter changes in both water fluxes and salt rejections after chlorination.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.49831070 and 49971046).
文摘The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on three soil amendments,red mud from Hungary, rd mud from UK and beringite from Belgium, wasstudied to determine the surface areas of the amendments using a0.005 mol L^-1 NaCl solution and deionised water as backgroundsolutions. The surface areas determined by the methylene blue methodin the 0.005 mol L^-1 NaCl solution were 3.357, 2.340 and 5.576 m^2g^-1 for red mud (Hungary), red mud (UK) and beringite, respectively,slightly lower than those in the deionised water system.
